tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70791105902517907612024-03-20T14:15:22.651-11:00Lori's India BlogLori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.comBlogger64125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-50329819790068052792013-04-20T14:56:00.001-11:002013-04-20T15:02:55.899-11:00Cultural History of Medicinal Plants in a Tibetan Refugee Community<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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I believe this is an unedited version of my final medicinal plants paper and I had to delete several pictures because they were not functioning and the font was not cooperating but here is a small part of my final product of my India experience.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tibetan medicine
considers passion, aggression, and ignorance the cause of all disease. The
Medicine Buddha sits at the heart of this painting holding a myrobalan plant.
It is said that by even seeing or hearing the Medicine Buddha all disease can
be cured because the myrobalan plant cures passion, aggression, and ignorance.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Tibetan medicine was
developed more than 2500 years ago during the Bon era. It was collaborated and
modified with the contributions of India, China, and Persia. In the 8<sup>th</sup>
century Tibetan medicine was carried throughout India, China, Persia, Nepal,
Kashmir, Mustang, Mongolia, and Mi-nyag and schools were developed in Tibet to
teach the “art of healing”. Centuries later, Tibet was invaded by China so
thousands of Tibetans sought refuge in India. Now, over 35 Tibetan refugee
communities exist all over India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">To keep alive the aspect
of Traditional Tibetan medicine the Men-Tsee-Khang was erected in 1961. After
51 years the Men-Tsee-Khang has branched out to over 50 clinics all over India.
Due to the Men-Tsee-Khang and Astrological College Tibetan physicians are
continuing to spread and offer healthcare to hundreds of thousands old and
young.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">In this report I will
give a survey of the history of Tibetan medicine, outline the <i>Rgyud Bzhi (</i>their main text), explain
how Tibetan medicine reached Bylakuppe, India, why Tibetans choose traditional
healthcare, and review a few of the medicinal plants in the region and in North
India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">How Tibetan Medicine got
to Tibet<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Figure 1: King Songtan Gampo
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tibetan
medicine was developed more than 2500 years ago during the pre-Buddhist Bon era
(Bradley 2000). Bon shamans believed that spirits were the cause of all disease
so in order to cure </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzzjY2zYz5kH9DQL4Llf6hiA_-toiE4LvGlu0ILtLn941ekm3GYyrs2voSxM6qNq432BdK1zUQUcfbUpMMl8XPJ_N8R_znH2tTjE5Q23mbb3XOdt7wyTf1Y3TOd63AVnxi64WkgQaogo/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzzjY2zYz5kH9DQL4Llf6hiA_-toiE4LvGlu0ILtLn941ekm3GYyrs2voSxM6qNq432BdK1zUQUcfbUpMMl8XPJ_N8R_znH2tTjE5Q23mbb3XOdt7wyTf1Y3TOd63AVnxi64WkgQaogo/s200/1.png" width="132" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">disease they began sacrificing animals to placate the
spirits with a substitute (Arya 2009). Later, this aspect of Bon shamanism was
modified and did away with animal sacrifices, eventually developing into Bon
medicine. During this time Tibet was constantly at war with India, Nepal and
China but Buddhism began to spread throughout most of Asia and King Songtsan
Gampo (617 BC) saw the need to adopt the religion as well. King Songtsan Gampo
wanted to bring peace to the hostile Tibetan people and believed that Indian
Buddhism was “an antidote that could heal the inner wound caused by anger and
aggressive mind” (Arya 2009). Following King Gampo’s call to non-violence, he
invited prominent physicians from India, China, and Persia to share their
knowledge with Tibetan physicians. The Chinese and Persian representatives
returned home after a collaboration of their knowledge but the Indian
representative continued to practice and teach in Tibet, thus the strong
correlation of Tibetan medicine with Indian Ayurvedic medicine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Figure 2: King Trisong
Deustan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
the 8<sup>th</sup> century King Trisong Deutsan continued his father’s (King
Gampo) efforts in uniting India, China, Persia, Nepal, Kashmir, Mustang,
Mongolia, and Mi-nyag by inviting them to the first </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNckcrASCN5nVK4UwLJQUafFhdoq8heW0DrRuSo0O_knH5esdOB5ZnvjWnTNKBZZKifI-bdDbmMAyAD4chdvEnrTXgV2hBAGAl4lMDueYnbAIWGzG50CNzvWUJcnNbdcMhWoakoRFqSkU/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNckcrASCN5nVK4UwLJQUafFhdoq8heW0DrRuSo0O_knH5esdOB5ZnvjWnTNKBZZKifI-bdDbmMAyAD4chdvEnrTXgV2hBAGAl4lMDueYnbAIWGzG50CNzvWUJcnNbdcMhWoakoRFqSkU/s200/2.png" width="136" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">international conference on
medicine in Samye Monastery (Men-Tsee-Khang 2010). At this conference they
discussed practices and theories, allowing Tibetan physicians to translate
various medical texts and ideals into Tibetan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<span style='font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:
Helvetica;mso-no-proof:yes'><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_37" o:spid="_x0000_i1051"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:137pt;height:199pt;visibility:visible;
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Figure 3: Yuthok Yoten
Gonpo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKEf7P1dM4sxl_Qs65jyEiBHd4rrn2vWgcNJQtjib8C02CtFuwLTovpJPYYNDYHe2kljAQBPtYfQ-LYfwMX70x7jGPLDcbiviVUv7jHCTWsQC18frCivbr5eD0fi1ReNV9OYUJjWfkkCU/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKEf7P1dM4sxl_Qs65jyEiBHd4rrn2vWgcNJQtjib8C02CtFuwLTovpJPYYNDYHe2kljAQBPtYfQ-LYfwMX70x7jGPLDcbiviVUv7jHCTWsQC18frCivbr5eD0fi1ReNV9OYUJjWfkkCU/s200/3.png" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">From
1126 to 1202 Yuthok Yoten Gonpo the Younger traveled India, Persia, China, and
Nepal to share the “art of healing.” He wrote many supplementary texts about
the Four Tantras and developed a school in Tibet where hundreds of people came
from Mongolia, Siberia, Nepal, Bhutan, and China to learn the Tibetan “art of
healing” (Arya 2010). Tibetans in Tibet and Tibetan refugees in India currently
practice the same method of Tibetan medicine taught by Yuthok Yoten Gonpo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%;"> In
1959 the Dalai Lama and tens of thousands of Tibetan citizens fled to India to
escape the Chinese invasion (United States Bureau of Citizenship and
Immigration Services 2003). The Indian Government granted refuge to Tibet by
allowing them land and a place to call home. There are currently 38 Tibetan
refugee communities scattered throughout India. The exile of the Tibetans by
the Chinese has not yet hindered the purity of Tibetan Medicine, as the
government-in-exile immediately executed plans for preserving the practice. In
1961 the Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute was organized. The
denomination changed to the Men-Tsee-Khang in the late 1990s. The institution
houses and cultivates Tibetan medicine by training individuals in unique Tibetan
medicine practices, treating illnesses, and researching Tibetan medicine. The
organization acts under the authorization of the Governing Body and the
Department of Health of the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(Men-Tsee-Khang
2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Throughout India there are 50
branches of the Men-Tsee-Khang. The purpose of this organization is </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">"to
provide accessible health care to people regardless of caste, colour or creed.
To provide free or concessional, i.e. subsidised health care to the poor and
needy, monks and nuns, all new arrivals from Tibet, and those over the age of seventy.
To produce Tibetan medicines in an environmentally sensitive manner"
(Men-Tsee-Khang 2010). In the institute’s attempt to accomplish this they
continue to research herbal, pharmacological, and clinical products to maintain
a balanced body, energy, and mind. A few of the remedies researched include
applying barley residue from Chang (Tibetan beer) to reduce swelling and using
melted butter to stem bleeding, applying of apricot kernel oil to smoothe the
skin, use of melandrium glandulorium as body perfume, paste of Trona (washing
soda) and Ulmus punila Lin for washing purposes, administration of the mixture
of honey, mineral exudate & acacia catechu to prevent the damage of skin
from harsh and cold wind (Men-Tsee-Khang 2010). Tibetan medicine remains
traditional as a rule, with changes being made slowly and cautiously. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tantras<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The <i>Rgyud Bzhi</i> as revised by Yuthok Yoten Gonpo remains the fundamental
text for Tibetan medicine today (Kletter and Kriechbaum 2001). Tibetan medicine
is a way of providing relief from suffering through balance in both diet and
behavior. <i>Rgyud Bzhi</i> is comprised of
the Four Tantras: the Root Tantra, the
Explanatory Tantra, the Oral Tradition, and the Last Tantra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Root Tantra briefly gives an outline
of Tibetan medical teachings by comparing the body to a tree. The First Root of
the tree bears two stems, which represents a healthy and sick body. The healthy
body continues to be symbolized by branches and leaves, each symbolizing balancing
aspects of the body including the 3 humors and excretion of unnecessary
products. The Second Root is the root symbolizing methods for diagnosis such as
questioning and observing various symptoms. The Third Root entails methods for
treatment including therapeutic methods, diet, behavior, or medical treatments
(Kletter and Kriechbaum 2001). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The second tantra of the <i>Rgyud Bzhi</i> is the Explanatory Tantra,
which is concerned with the life cycle from birth to death. It deals with
anatomy, signs of death, classifications of disorders, and how diet and
behavior can help maintain health. It is the code that doctors should observe
and practice in their profession (Donden 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The third tantra is the Oral
Tradition Tantra. This section of the book contains types of disorders, and the
cause, condition, symptoms and treatment for the disorder (Donden 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The fourth tantra is the Last
Tantra, which consists of methods of diagnosing, commonly urinalysis and pulse
taking (Kletter and Kriechbaum 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> As part of the <i>Rgyud Bzhi</i> there is a study of <i>rlung,
mkhris pa,</i> and <i>bad kan</i>, also
known as the three humors. These terms can also be translated as wind, bile,
and phlegm, which are the main principles in maintaining a balanced body. These
terms are closely related to the five elements that organize the cosmos --
earth, water, fire, air, and space. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Rlung</i>
(wind or air) is connected with the mind, nervous system, respiratory system
and bodily excretions. It functions with body to think, reason, and connect
mind and body. The <i>rlung</i> is localized
to the lumbar and hip regions of the body (Kletter and Kriechbaum 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Mkhris
pa</i> (bile or fire) deals with regulation of heat within the body, vision,
motivation, catabolism, digestion, and hunger. This humor is generally located
near the liver, gall bladder, and mid-section of the body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Bad
Kan </i>(earth and water) is associated with the brain and upper part of the
body. Its functions are related to body structure, body fluids, anabolic
functions, sleep, and tolerance (Bradely 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The three humors are key to
maintaining and improving good health. When the humors fall out of balance then
bodily disorders occur. Disorder in the sense of Tibetan medicine is the
disruption of harmony between body, energy and mind (Ngak Mang Insititute
2012). When any type of imbalance occurs it is treated by adjusting diet,
life-style, medicine and external therapies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tibetan Medicine in
Exile</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bylakuppe
is the largest Tibetan refugee community in India, with approximately 15,000
Tibetans. The Men-Tsee-Khang opened in 1961 in Dharamshala and later spread to Bylakuppe
in 1977. The Men-Tsee-Khang’s main goal is to give accessible healthcare to
those in the area whether young or old. “This health care facility has
benefitted many people from different walks of life. With the positive impact
of Tibetan medicine, there [are] overwhelming demands for Traditional Tibetan
medication from the community. Hence, in order to meet these demands and to
apply the unique Traditional art of Tibetan Wellness techniques and
mild-therapies, further expansion of this clinic into a fully equipped
healthcare unit [is] felt by administration in order to provide better health
care facilities” (Men-Tsee-Khang 2010). The expansion of the Men-Tsee-Khang
from a clinic to an outflank hospital is estimated to cost 1.2 million US dollars.
Currently, there are 114 physicians and 16 astrologers practicing in the
Men-Tsee-Khang Institute and 3 of the physicians and 1of the astrologers are
located in Bylakuppe( Men-Tsee-Khang 2010). The Men-Tsee-Khang governing board
in Dharamshala hopes to expand the availability of Traditional Tibetan medicine
in India and is pursuing this by first expanding the Men-Tsee Khang and
Astrological College in Dharamshala allowing 60 students to graduate per year
instead of 25 students every 3 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
students at the Men-Tsee-Khang and Astrological College train for five years at
the college where they learn about the concepts in the<i> Rgyud Bzhi</i> (memorizing three of the four texts contained in the <i>Rgyud Bzhi</i>), traditional techniques such
as pulse taking and urinalysis, and learn traditional medicines. After the five
years in the college students transfer to a clinic to do two six-month
internships. In Bylakuppe there were two interns shadowing the doctors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The doctors
at the Men-Tsee-Khang in Bylakuppe work from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m Monday through
Saturday. In a typical day a doctor will see about 40 to 50 patients. In my
observations with Dr. Migmar Lhamo, the lady doctor, I saw about 90 percent of
patients come before 11 a.m.. Traditional Tibetan medicine teaches that the
best time for getting pulse reading is around sunrise but considering the time
constraints of the clinic patients take full advantage of coming as early as
possible. Every patient who enter the doctor’s office receive pulse reading.
Dr. Lhamo explained that </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lCjYl-to8PO_cnenmkhNEQ_woIRtUxaxnHGsgrDXZe9COxaMkRENxvKqTPikHx0eBiPaGuwg71ykqmmla5uDOKZ14Ib_lCnega1PdRpGVWxelozoeyorP_gqhQ9XOX_vsXPl38xyfoo/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lCjYl-to8PO_cnenmkhNEQ_woIRtUxaxnHGsgrDXZe9COxaMkRENxvKqTPikHx0eBiPaGuwg71ykqmmla5uDOKZ14Ib_lCnega1PdRpGVWxelozoeyorP_gqhQ9XOX_vsXPl38xyfoo/s320/4.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">by reading a patient’s pulse, asking questions, and
taking the time to discuss behavior with a patient nearly all causes of disease
can be diagnosed. Urinalysis is a little less common (maybe 2 in 40 patients
will bring a urine sample) because most illnesses are better read through pulse
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">readings. In a pulse reading the doctor
can diagnose wind, bile, and phlegm pulses by simply feeling the radial artery
of the patient. Results are best read when the patient refrains from too much
strenuous work, too much or too little sleep, food that is extremely nutritious
or very warming or difficult to digest, and restricts worry and anger. When
urinalysis is done all the above must be held as well as proper time for analysis
and the right vessel must be used. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>Figure 4: Pulse Reading Diagram<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In
taking a patient’s pulse the doctor begins by placing their three middle
fingers on the opposite wrist of the patient (ex: doctors right hand on
patients left wrist) approximately one inch from the crease in the patents
wrist. The doctor feels around for the patient’s radial artery and applies
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8hgdOJaizLTmy9ynrONVeQH9Yhm8983ClsqRnZXIVPKD2lZNDhTo-BAIiwwc5XWHfCOfXTwM0_EcqIRXcNVwkZxt-yP8QBlGgvO2Fl9mc9ui8T_c7TimJYQ0AMqZnrUKnNeWEJ5debMw/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8hgdOJaizLTmy9ynrONVeQH9Yhm8983ClsqRnZXIVPKD2lZNDhTo-BAIiwwc5XWHfCOfXTwM0_EcqIRXcNVwkZxt-yP8QBlGgvO2Fl9mc9ui8T_c7TimJYQ0AMqZnrUKnNeWEJ5debMw/s640/5.png" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">varying pressures upon the artery to read the pulse. Each finger is used to
read the different organs of the patient. As seen in the picture above, the
doctor’s right ring finger half reads the womb/seminal vesicle and the other
half reads the left kidney, half of the middle finger reads the stomach and the
other half reads the spleen, and on pointer finger half reads the large
intestine (female)/small intestine (male) and the other half reads lungs
(male)/ heart (female). The left hand reads other organs such as the bladder,
right kidney, gall bladder, liver, small intestines (female), large intestines
(male), lungs (male), heart (female). The female and male pulse is read on
opposite hands for the pointer finger. By reading the pulse a Traditional
Tibetan doctor can identify whether an organ or constituent of the body is hot
or cold, or unbalanced between phlegm, wind, and bile (Donden 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">When testing urine a Tibetan doctor looks at the physical
aspects of the urine. Is it frothy? Does it have a vapor, odor, or particular
color to it? The doctor has to take into consideration when the urine was
collected and the temperature of the sample.
Each of these different qualities of the urine will help identify hot
and cold disorders as well as wind, bile, phlegm disorders.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
last fairly common procedure is called cupping, which Tibetan physicians use in
the case of a sore back or shoulders. Cupping is done by locating the central
point of pain and sucking it out. First a physician must message the sore area and
dampen it with water. A small piece of paper is then light </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkuFAaB-haPrwU8vQ30oPK6sa_sJR36g39pOYQE1QbeteYFcsddZ9oKnQownTd0ATwjbQcM0HCmEjNVYHRLEJTE2FxybCtEXHhCmgVu436Vn24SeQDtYem5-nAwQNmul-gMYkvGQIXDQo/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkuFAaB-haPrwU8vQ30oPK6sa_sJR36g39pOYQE1QbeteYFcsddZ9oKnQownTd0ATwjbQcM0HCmEjNVYHRLEJTE2FxybCtEXHhCmgVu436Vn24SeQDtYem5-nAwQNmul-gMYkvGQIXDQo/s320/6.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">on fire and after it
was burned sufficiently it is thrown into a copper cup. Next, the copper cup
can be firmly pressed against the patients back until the cup suctions and
remains suctioned for fifteen minutes. This is said to loosen the muscles and
relieve the pain by sucking it out. This procedure is very common especially
among the elderly and middle-aged Tibetans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A culmination of pulse reading and
urinalysis has been just Tibet for centuries (Ashcoff 1999). These procedures
are specifically designed to diagnose any disease or imblamalace of the body.
Cupping was also used it Tibet and continues to be used to give muscle relief
(Yeshi 1886).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why take Tibetan
medicine?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In Bylakuppe, I asked many
individuals as to why they take Tibetan medicine. A few of most prominent reasons
were because it is cheap, it works very well for chronic diseases such as
arthritis (which is common), and that physically their bodies are not as peppy
when they miss out on taking the medicine. Most believe Tibetan medicine to
have less negative side effects than allopathic medicine. Namgyal (our host
that we lived with for 3 months) said his mother takes it also because of the
social interaction she gets with the other elderly women. Tibetan medicine,
then, is not only a physical aid but also a social opportunity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The procedure to receive traditional
care is very simple. No appointment needs to be made and no registering is needed;
all a person does is show up at the doctor’s door, takes a number and waits to
be called in on a first-come, first-served basis. A consultation is 40 rupees
($0.75 US dollars) with medication added to that. The elderly (over 70) can
receive care for only 15 rupees ($0.28 US dollars) for the consultation and up
to 10 medications. Student such as monks and nuns also receive discounted care
of 50 percent off. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In my time there I began taking
three medications, one for blood circulation, one for digestion, and one for my
nerves (these medications were to help with my restless legs syndrome and
celiac disease). My total cost of a one-month supply of medications and consultation
(which was more costly due to it being on a monthly price scale) was 352 rupees
($6.59 US dollars). I was initially unbiased as to whether the medicine would
work or not but after 2 weeks of taking the medicine I am convinced that it was
helping or at least it helped boost my energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Visiting a Tibetan physician can be
as frequent or infrequent as the patient prefers. In order to receive medicine
a patient must return every week, two weeks, or month depending on how long the
doctor prescribed the medicine for (Kletter 2001). In order to receive a renewal of a
prescription it is not necessary to have a consultation again. Commonly, a
patient will just interrupt the current appointment to have the doctor renew a
subscription.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Visiting the doctor is a fairly
public situation. All the doors to the doctors’ offices are usually open and
other patients can interrupt as they please. Privacy is extremely limited when
it comes to doctors’ visits but no one seems concerned – as was mentioned
before it is even considered a social affair. When I visited the Men-Tee-Khang
there was no question as to whether I could observe, I just had to get
permission from the head doctor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The Men-Tsee-Khang in Bylakuppe,
India is a highly functional
institution which provides Traditional Tibetan healthcare for an affordable
cost and allows Tibetans to receive the basic necessary healthcare to maintain
a healthy life style.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">History of medicinal
plants in the region<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bylakuppe, India has been the home of
Tibetan refugees for 51 years. The Men-Tsee-Khang has only been in the
community for 35 years. Due to the little amount of time in the community and
the unavailability of traditional Tibetan plants used in Tibetan medicine there
is no current use of plants from the region for the purpose of Tibetan
medicines. Where do the plants used in Tibetan medicine come from? The majority
of plants used in Tibetan medicine come from Rajasthan, the Punjab, Jaipur, and
the Himalaya, all areas in North India. The processing center for the
production of Tibetan medicine is located in Dharamshala and disperses to each
of the branch clinics throughout India. In the future, the Men-Tsee-Khang in
Bylakuppe intends to develop a medicinal processing center in Bylakuppe and
also grow medicinal plants suitable to the region (Lhamo 2012). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tibetan medicine generally includes
ingredients such as plants, minerals, and animal products (Ngak Mang Insititute
2012). Plants are becoming of more importance to Tibetan Medicine due to the
call by the <i>Rgyud Bzhi</i>, "All the visible herbs growing above the
ground should be used in medicine, because other ingredients, such as precious
metals, minerals, odorous plants and animal parts and products, will be rare in
500 decades and will be difficult to find when needed. If they are found at
all, the poor patient will not be able to afford their price. Even when they
are discovered in remote mountains, they will be of no use, because by the time
the doctor gets them, the patient will have already died." Knowledge of
field medicinal plants is scant. Often times, only the Tibetan name of a plant
is known and only a Tibetan doctor who is familiar with materia medica can
identifies these plants (Kletter and Kriechbaum 2001). Approximately 500
formulas are commonly used -- each medicine containing 10 to 70 ingredients (History
of Medicinal Plants 2012).<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Though traditional Tibetan medicinal
plants are not located in the Bylakuppe region, one of the interns, Pen Pah,
outlined and explained a few of the medicinal plants commonly used and found in
the foothills of the Himalaya where the Men-Tsee-Khang and Astrological College
takes their students to help them learn to identify medicinal plants (Dekhang
2008).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Allium
sativum L. (Garlic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used: Whole
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: imbalance,
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Anaphalis
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used: Whole
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Flowers
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Asparagus
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used: The
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Restores
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Carthamus
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Anemia,
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant:
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used: Tree
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Digestion
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant:
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used:
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Restores
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant:
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used: Whole
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Heals
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Piper
longum L. (Long Pepper)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used: Fruit</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Uses:
Treats heat disorders, lung disorders, and spleen disorders</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Plant:
Fragaria nubicola Lindl (Wild Strawberr)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Part
Used: The stock and roots</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Uses:
Treats veins, nerves and accumulated pus (Dekhang 2008)</span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite the lack of traditional Tibetan
medicinal plants in the region there are still local plants available, which
many use on a personal basis. Local Indian Ayurvedic medicine commonly uses
local plants for medicinal purposes but this has not developed into Tibetan
medicinal usages. On the Organic Research and Training Centre, a Tibetan
organic farm I volunteered at for 3 months, I was able to personally see the
Tibetan farmers frequently use the available medicinal plants they were
experimenting with. They experimented to find how much the medicinal plants
could sell for, how well they grew in the area, and to personally discover the
medicinal properties. The following list is a survey of the more commonly used
medicinal plants in the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant:
Cymbopogam flexuosus (Lemongrass) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Leaves <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Perfumery,
cosmetics, flavoring, aromatherapies, and for the synthesis of vitamin A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Aloe Vera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Whole plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Aching
joints and muscles, asthma, indigestion, gastritis, burns, cuts, wounds,
itching, insect bites, kidney ailments, liver ailments, pimples, and skin
problems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Zingiber
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Rhizome<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Diarrhea,
blood thinning, cholesterol, treating heart disease and nausea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Cyrophos
androgynous (Chakramani)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Leaves <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Synthesis
of vitamin A. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Curcuma
longa (Turmeric)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used: Rhizome<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Antiseptic,
contraception, swelling insect stings, wound, whooping cough, internal
injuries, pimples, skin tonic, blood purifier, and common cold<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Ocinum
tenuiflorum (Tulsi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used: Whole
plant, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Remedies
for common cold, headaches, stomach disorders, inflammation, heart disease, gastric
system, and urinary system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant:Mentha
Arvensis (Peppermint)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Leaves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Aromatherapy,
body cooling purposes, and maintaining body temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant:Gymnema
sylvestre (Madhunashi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Leaves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Diabetes,
weight loss, cough, snake bite antidote, laxative, diuretic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant:
Terminolia Chebula (A-ru-ra)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used: The
fruit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Rejuvenates,
laxative (unripe), astringent (ripe), anthelmintic, expectorant, tonic, appetite
stimulant, leprosy (skin disorders), anemia, narcosis, piles, chronic heart disease,
diarrhea, anorexia, and cough<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Bacopa
Monnieri (Brahmi)</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part Used: Whole
plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Enhances
memory, vitality, nerve tonic, and treats rheumatism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Rosmarinus
oficinalis (Rosemary)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Leaves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Muscle
relaxer of the digestive and urinary tracts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Hemigraphis
colarata blume (Tincture)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used: Whole
plant,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Fresh
wounds, cuts, and inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Withania
sonifera (Aswagandha)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used: Roots
and leaves, roots <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Sedative,
antiseptic aphrodisiac and adaptogenic, and stress reducer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant: Costu
ignus (Insulin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parts Used:
Leaves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses: Regulates
blood sugar levels<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusion <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tibetan medicine was developed over
2500 years ago. It was collaborated by India, China, and Persia and customized
by the Tibetans. King Trisong Deutsan carried it to India, China, Persia,
Nepal, Kashmir, Mustang, Mongolia, and Mi-nyag and organized schools to teach
the Tibetan ‘art of healing”. Now, thousands of year later Traditional Tibetan
medicine has been carried across the boarders of Tibet into India where the
Tibetans have found refuge from the Chinese (1959). After years of redeveloping
a new home, the Men-Tsee-Khang has been established over 50 Tibetan medicine
clinics across India. Dharamshala, the Home of the Tibetan Government in Exile,
has been fundamental in initiating the establishment of Traditional medicinal
care as well as assuring it continues on by creating the Men-Tsee-Khang and
Astrological College. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> After living in Bylakuppe, India for
three months I have been able see the impact the Men-Tsee-Khang has made in
keeping Traditional Tibetan Medicine alive. They have kept the Tibetan ‘art of
healing’ alive by educating Tibetan physicians how to read pulse, do
urinalysis, and prescribe holistic medicine based on each patient’s ailments
and disease. The Men-Tsee-Khang thrives, </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">"to provide accessible health care
to people regardless of caste, colour or creed. To provide free or concessional,
i.e. subsidised health care to the poor and needy, monks and nuns, all new
arrivals from Tibet, and those over the age of seventy. To produce Tibetan
medicines in an environmentally sensitive manner" (Men-Tsee-Khang 2010). As
long as the Tibetan people hold on to the culture Traditonal Tibetan medicine
will carry on. Free Tibet!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Works
Cited<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dekhang, Tsering Dorjee. <i>A Handbook of Tibetan Medicinal Plants.
Dharamsala, India; Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute.</i> 2008. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kletter, Christa, and Monika
Kriechbaum. <i>Tibetan Medicinal Plants</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Medpharm,
2001. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aschoff, Jurgen C., and Ina
Rosing. <i>Tibetan Medicine</i>. Ulm, Germany: Fabri Verlag, 1999. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">"History of Medicinal
Plants." <i>History of Medicinal Plants</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept.
2012.
<http://www.botanical-online.com/english/historyofmedicinalplants.htm>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lhamo,
Migmar. Personal Interview. 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">"TME." <i>Short
History of Tibetan Medicine</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012.
<http://www.tibetanmedicine-edu.org/index.php/history/short-history-of-tm>
An Introduction to Tibetan Medicine in Exile<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bradley, Tamdin Sither. <i>Thorsons
Principles of Tibetan Medicine</i>. London: Thorsons, 2000. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Men-Tsee-Khang. "Aims
and Evolution of Tibetan Herbal Medicine." <i>Official Website of Tibetan
Medical & Astrological Institute</i>. Tibetan Medical and Astro. Institute,
2010. Web. 04 May 2012. <http://www.men-tsee-khang.org/hprd/hprd-history.htm>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yeshi,
Dönden, and Jeffrey Hopkins. <i>Health through Balance: An </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Introduction to Tibetan
Medicine</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ithaca, N.Y.,
USA: Snow Lion Publications, 1986. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">United
States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. India: Information on
Tibetan refugees and settlements, 30 May 2003, IND03002.ZNY. <
http://www.unhcr.org/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">refworld/docid/3f51f90821.html>.
Accessed 24 February 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-19180090232949593782013-04-20T14:42:00.003-11:002013-04-20T15:02:22.287-11:00The Status of Farming in the Tibetan Refugee Community of Bylakuppe, India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: 24px;">I believe this is an unedited version of my final agriculture paper and I had to delete the pictures because they were not functioning and the font was not cooperating but here is a small part of my final product of my India experience.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel11CxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 40.5pt left 418.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tibet spans nearly two
million square kilometers between India and China. It is a vast, bleak
wasteland of unpredictable weather. Farmers work on harvesting turnips,
potatoes and grains such as barley, wheat, and buckwheat in the lower elevations,
which is very limited. Tibetan nomads tend to rely mostly on animal husbandry
to feed their family a diet of meat,
milk, and butter, a common diet for the majority of Tibetans. In 1959 hundreds
of thousands Tibetans left Tibet due to the Chinese invasion and suppression of
the Tibetan people. The India Government gave them refuge by offering them land
they could call home. As a result, these Tibetan refugees have had to find ways
to make money and to support their families. In Bylakuppe, India, Tibetan
refugees cleared the land and tilled the soil for farm use. The Green
Revolution was at full fledge when they arrived in 1961, so the Tibetans immediately
adopted fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and chemical pesticides into their
farming habits. Farming has been a main source of income for many of the
refugees in Bylakuppe since then. In 2002 the Dalai Lama put forth the Organic
Farming Policy that resisted further use of these chemical fertilizers,
pesticides and genetically engineered seeds. The Organic Research and Training
Centre (ORTC), a government funded farm, quickly followed His Holiness’ request
and has been training Indian locals and Tibetan refugees in their organic
practices since 2002. In this report I will briefly explain what farming is
like in Tibet and what it is currently like in Bylakuppe, India. I will then go
on to detail a few of the systems and techniques used at the ORTC, the farm I
volunteered at for two months, and also briefly mention practices used by other
organic and non-organic farmers in Bylakuppe.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="NoteLevel11CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NoteLevel11CxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Farming in Tibet <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="NoteLevel21CxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Tibet is a rugged, largely desolate, and
barren highland plain. The very limited agricultural sections are found in some
of the valleys adjacent to China. The precipitation in Tibet decreases from
approximately 800 mm in the south to less than 300 mm in the north. The
temperatures are low, with almost no real summer. Vegetables are grown at the
bases of highlands, barley is grown in the higher elevations. On account of the
sparsely scattered vegetation, Shepherds move their flocks up and down the
slopes with the season” (Shen 1951). They depend highly on animal husbandry to
plow fields and transport harvested crops. In Tibet they use a <i>dzo, </i>crossbreed of a domestic bull and a
yak that is known for its strength, to help carry out the necessary plowing of
the fields. Donkeys are commonly used for transporting the harvested grain to
the threshing ground. Today, there are around 21 million head of livestock used
by the Tibetans (Mayhew 2008). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel21CxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Due to the harsh weather and minimal
vegetables available, most Tibetans rely mainly on dri milk (female yak milk),
butter tea, barley, and meat, giving them proper amounts of fat and
carbohydrates to survive the winters. Most Tibetans farm their own yak and
sheep allowing them to move from higher to lower elevation as the seasons
change, and depend on their herds for food. The poorer people tend to farm and
due to this they are more tied down to their land. The farmers are limited in
what they can plant because of the weather so most grow barley, turnips,
potatoes, wheat, buckwheat, and millet (Shen 1953). The soil is very poor so to
fertilize the land they add human dung, ashes from cows, and some silt from
floodwaters. They know very little about crop rotation and only use it
infrequently (Shen 1951). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">History
of Bylakuppe Farming<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1959 the Dalai Lama and tens
of thousands of Tibetan citizens fled to India to escape the Chinese invasion
(United State Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services 2003). Previous to
moving to India, the Tibetan people's main industry was animal husbandry and
herding (Himalayan Institute 2010). Now
that Tibetan citizens no longer have the expansive land required for herding,
they have had to learn how to farm on the limited land offered by the Indian
government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Tibet families were able to
provide organic crops for themselves. Land was unreserved in Tibet allowing as
much land as required to be used for herding. Some families used small plots of
land for farming, but the diet was based mainly on meat and butter tea,
followed by organically grown barley and seasonal crops. Now in India the
available land is not large enough to herd so farming is the next option. Stu
Nicholls reports in a brief history of Bylakuppe the difficulties of sustaining
a family solely off of farming. Most original families (families who were
present at the inauguration of the refugee community) received a small crop of
land for agricultural use but due to the lack of irrigation facilities families
had to engage in other activities such as trading, restaurants, shop keeping,
etc. (Nicholls 2011). When the Tibetan refugees arrived in Bylakuppe they were
once again farming organically as they had done in Tibet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the early 1960’s famine began
spreading throughout India so in the 1960’s and 1970's the Indian government
quickly resisted by introducing high-yielding seeds, irrigation and chemical
pesticides and fertilizers</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (CGIAR 2010)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The Green Revolution allowed farmers to
harvest large quantities and export excess crops for a profit. The idea of
high-yielding harvests is how the name “Green Revolution” was coined,
signifying an all-encompassing period of high-yield seeds, fertilizers and
larger profits from the season’s harvest. Tibetan farmers quickly caught on not
aware that it would cause “soil degradation, health problems, and decreasing
yields,” due to the misuse and overuse of chemical products particularly
pesticides (CTA 2009). To help with sustaining farms in Bylakuppe the Dickey
Larsoe Co-operative Society Ltd. was installed and began extending credit to purchase
seeds, fertilizers, and other agricultural inputs. As a result the farmers were
obligated to return agricultural products to the Dickey Larsoe Co-operative
Society Ltd. warehouses where they can sell the products to open markets for
gain (Nicholls 2011). The Dicky Larsoe Co-operative Society still exists and
operates today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel21" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NoteLevel11" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Current Philosophy of
Organic Farming in Bylakuppe<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
2002 the Dalai Lama made a statement encouraging a balanced and healthy diet,
also encouraging the Tibetan refugees to resist the practices of the Green
Revolution (Central Tibetan Administration. 2012). The objectives of the Dalai Lama's organic
farming policy as stated by the Federation of Tibetan Co-Operatives in India
Ltd. are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">To protect,
preserve and rejuvenate the environment and biodiversity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">To offer
assistance and support to the international movement against consumerism. More
specifically by persistently opposing the use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, herbicides, hybrid and genetically engineered seeds, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">To make sure
that the “future Tibet” is a storehouse of organic grains to the rest of the
world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">To achieve
sustainable livelihood in the Tibetan settlements in India by turning the
present agriculture land holding into a source of sustainable income
generation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">To achieve
in making organic farming, animal husbandry and other allied activities as
remunerative opportunities. Thereby we can encourage the educated Tibetan youth
to live in settlements. (Federation of Tibetan Co-Operatives Ltd. 2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The Organic Research and Training
Centre (ORTC), an organic awareness and training center for both Indians and
Tibetans, have taken these objectives seriously and started to apply them to
the Tibetan Farm Project almost immediately. The Tibetan Farm Project is an 80-acre
plot of land dedicated to organic farming. It is completely run by the ORTC,
which is funded by the Tibetan Government for the use of training seminars. The
Tibetan Farm Project transitioned to completely organic farming in 2002 because
of the Dalai Lama's call to produce healthy organic food just as they did in
Tibet. Bylakuppe is the largest Tibetan refugee settlement in India and is the
sixth largest organic farming community in India (Federation of Tibetan
Co-Operatives 2009). As I worked closely with the ORTC, Damdul, the ORTC
manager, impressed the importance of saving the soil fertility through organic
farming so the quality and quantity of a harvest will remain steady instead of
decreasing over time (as it is perceived by the Bylakuppe farmers that chemical
farming decreases soil fertility). Lhakpa (2012), a farmer of 22 years and a
staff member at the ORTC, backed up this statement by saying that on his
family’s farm of 6.5 acres his parents originally got 180 bags of maize from the
field per harvest and now he is only receiving 137 bags. He claims that this is
due to the decreasing soil fertility though he tries to restore it by using
17-17-17 fertilizer, compost and urea. He considers this one of the largest
struggles that he has had to endure because instead of relying only on his farm
for work he has had to go outside and work on the ORTC farm to support his
family. Farmers in Bylakuppe depend largely on their farms and decreasing soil
fertility causes them to have to look outside of their homes for work. The
majority of the current farmers can only depend on their farm for a small
income because harvests are not as large as they once were.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
The Organic Research and Training Center in Bylakuppe is playing a key
role in educating the community about organic farming. They have trained Tibetan exiles on the
Tibetan Farm Project to rotate crops, create natural composts, and construct
proper irrigation systems utilizing India's vastly different environment
(Himalayan Institute. 2011). While all
this talk of organic farming, pesticide free, and feeding the whole world is a
great idea, there are still many concerns and problems that have to be
confronted. Lobsang Chodack, a family farmer from Mundgod, the largest Tibetan
organic farm community, not far from Bylakuppe, emphasizes his concerns with
organic farming stating that it requires more paid help to take care of the
farm and much less product is produced than from fertilized farms. In order to
maintain his organic farm teak trees must surround his farm in order to keep
the cows out; the natural pesticide must be a mixture of 5kg cow dung, 1kg cow
urine, and 1 kg jiggery to detract pests and still pests attack his crops (McKnown.
Mundgod's Tibetan Farmers. 2011). Chodack shows that on his farm alone he is
confronted with three specific challenges that conflict with the Tibetan
organic farming objectives. First, he is not producing a large enough crop to
contribute to the storehouse of organic grains for the world. Pests are
invading his crop causing small harvests. Second, because pests still invade
his farm even when using natural pesticides it makes it difficult to remain
resistant to falling back on using chemical fertilizers and pesticides because it
is either lose the whole harvest or use fertilizers. Last, since Chodack needs
extra assistance on the farm to resist the pests it does not provide a
sustainable income due to the increased overhead costs. As a result of all this
Tibetan youth do not find farming a sustainable enough income-providing
profession to encourage them in remaining on the settlements (McKown.CST.
2011). I was able to see this as I talked to several girls and hear of their interest
of moving away and becoming nurses. They see moving out of Bylakuppe as a way
to receive a higher education and more sustainable living. For some families it
is important for their children to learn the trade of farming, like Tseten(2012),
a past participant of the ORTC and a current employee, and for others they just
want to make enough money to send their kids away to school, like Lhakpa (2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> In order to remedy these conflicts
put forth by organic farmers the ORTC tests various pesticides and fertilizers
to see what works best with various plants and soils. One of their current
intentions is to test many varieties of a single plant and see what grows best
in the area and sells for the most (Damdul 2012). In the community maize is
commonly grown but most of the farmers are still farming chemically. Damdul
(2012) fears that if they continue farming maize that all the soil fertility
will be gone because maize “takes and takes and never gives”. On the ORTC farm
they are testing medicinal plants and horticulture crops. A few of the
medicinal crops include a wet paddy rice which is good for pregnancy, brahmi
used for helping memory, insulin used for diabetic patients, and turmeric used
for an antiseptic. Horticulture crops include a dry paddy rice, basil,
lemongrass, silver oak, bitter gourd, and red hibiscus. Although the ORTC is
trying their best to emphasize the importance of organic farming there is no
denying the extra labor it requires to maintain an organic farm, causing a loss
in profit for the farmers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> In the community maize is commonly
grown due to the little attention it requires and local statistics - no disease
or pests affect the maize in Bylakuppe (Lhakpa and Damdul 2012). Renzin (2012),
an organic farmer in Purang camp, stated that after five years maize will grow
just as well organically as it does chemically but many farmers are not willing
to take the five year loss of having a smaller harvest. Renzin and Phurbu
(2012) have completely converted to organic farming and give living testament
that their farms are currently producing equivalent harvests as to chemical
harvests are. The chemical farmers I interviewed were not in fear that organic
farming does not work, but it was taking the risk of losing part of the income
for several years that prevents them from making the transition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Farming
Systems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Animal Husbandry</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel41CxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .2in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
The ORTC depends highly on their cattle for a source of manure, milk,
and labor. The farm owns approximately 20 cattle from which the herdsmen gather
their urine and manure every day for the making of pesticides, compost, methane
gas, and slurry (a mixture of 1 part dung to 9 parts water). Milk is collected
for use in tea and also to sell to the dairy market. The cattle are also very
commonly used for plowing the fields. Though the ORTC owns a tractor, having
cattle allows them to reach areas that are more difficult to reach with a large
machine. The landscape is not always easy for a tractor to move around in
because of tight paths, tree and foliage overgrowth, and the hilly environment.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel41CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the community many of the local
farmers have tractors and many do not, but nearly every farmer has at least a
few cows. During the daytime in Bylakuppe cows are spotted in every field
grazing or laboring. Though it is not a rule it is very common that the cows in
Bylakuppe leave their cattle shed around 8 a.m. and then return back home
around 3 p.m. just in time for the herdsmen to have tea (this was true for the
ORTC farm). By allowing the cattle to feast on the wild grass and foliage most
of the day it gives the cows a nutritious diet providing “quality dung” to be
used for compost (Damdul 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel41CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lhakpa (2012) explained how even though he
does not have an organic farm it is still very important to have cattle to
provide manure for the use of compost. I also spoke to Tenzin (2012) who
emphasized the importance of using compost even if the farm was not organic
because it helps restore the natural nutrients to the ground. Using quality
manure is very beneficial to the land, considering its degrading fertility. The
organic farmers I interviewed all said that by switching to organic farming the
fertility of the soil would be prolonged. The big question that needs to be
answered is that by going organic does quantity and quality begin to be reduced?
According, to Renzin and Phurbu (2012) quantity is smaller for about five years
but after that the quantity and quality is the same and the soil becomes
richer. Lhakpa (2012) says during his parents’ time they got 180 bags from the
6.5 acres per harvest and now it has come down to 137 bags. Lhakpa does not
farm organically in fear that he will lose part of that season’s harvest,
resulting in less profit for the season.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel41CxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In India, animal husbandry is very
important to the average farmer. In Bylakuppe itself about half the community
owns farms and depends on cows for the labor and manure. The benefits of
compost are important to both organic and non-organic farmers to supply extra
nutrients to the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water
systems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
Bylakuppe the watering systems varied far and wide. Most of the poorer farmers just
depend on the monsoon while the middle class farmers tend to have irrigation
systems. The richer farmers might have drip systems but this is rare. The ORTC
uses irrigation in a few areas but mostly depends on the rain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
ORTC is divided into a medicinal plants experimental farm and a horticulture
farm. The medicinal plants require a lot of care and watering so water tanks
are sprinkled throughout the field and filled as needed to allow convenient
hose watering. The horticulture farm depends on the monsoon but this season a
lot of watering had to be done by tractor because the monsoon came so late
(August instead of May). Irrigation is only available four hours during the day
due to the availability of electricity, so the farmers take strict advantage of
this by hooking up large pipes and directing it towards the necessary areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Most
areas of Bylakuppe are very fertile and workable but in the cases that they are
not, bunds, dirt mounds that extend the length of the field, can be made to
restrict water loss. Damdul explained a water and soil conservation technique
commonly used in slightly steep and rugged terrain.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">This type of bund he called a Contour
Bond where it follows the contour of the hill. The bund helps hold the water in
the farming area to help increase the workability and fertility of the soil.
The trenches placed about 10 feet from the bund are designed to catch heavy rainfall
and prevent it from deteriorating the bund. It is common for these trenches to
also be use for </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">in situ</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;"> composting.
These trenches provide a home for the microbes in the dry season and during the
rainier season the microbes live in the field where they can fertilize the
soil. The diversion channel is a place where water can be strained of the silt
and collected for drinking water or reused in the field.</span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> One
other watering system used in Bylakuppe was a drip system used to water a silver
oak tree plantation but this is extremely rare. The most common type of
watering systems is flood irrigation and others relied solely on the monsoon
every season.<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Lori%20Hilton" datetime="2012-09-21T01:12"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electrical/Gas
(conservation)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
of the most economical and interesting things I learned about on the ORTC farm
was the use of biogas. Cow dung is very high in methane so they used this to an
advantage. Dung cannot be used directly on the farm for at least 10 days so the
dung is placed in a large cement holding place where the gases are naturally released
into a cement dome and directed through a pipe to the kitchen area. The methane
gas can then be used to cook food on their gas stove. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="NoteLevel31CxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The methods of the farm are very
economical and self-sustaining. Under U.S. law (which they follow as a high
standard) cow dung cannot be directly placed into compost so they first make a
slurry of 10 percent dung and 90 percent water and place it in a cement dome
where it can build up methane gas. Once the microbes sufficiently breakdown the
organic matter and release the methane it can be placed into fertilizer where
it can contribute to growing plants. The plants are later sold and the remains
are fed to the cows where the cycle can start again. It is a brilliant way of recycling
a single product, dung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manual
Labor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Damdul (2012) was constantly emphasizing
that everything on the farm is done manually and it was very true. Everyday eight
farmers, two herdsmen, and about 5-15 laborers would show up to plow the farm
using the cattle, to pull weeds, to plant seeds, to irrigate, to prune crops, to
transplant crops, etc.. They were there from Thursday to Monday from 8:30 a.m.
to 5:30 p.m., except for a few holidays. During rain storms farmers would take
shelter under a tree or shed but once the rain stopped it was back to the
field. I never realized the intense work that goes into horticulture farming
especially when it depends on the hand of a few workers. Damdul always mentions
how there are never enough workers. The laborers choose when they want to come
and when they do not, and they typically do not make anyone aware of their
plans. So, one day on the farm there will be 12 staff and the next there will
be 25 staff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
one piece of machinery the ORTC farm does have is a tractor. This becomes very
beneficial for the horticulture fields when it comes time to weeding and tilling
the soil but many areas are too difficult to reach with the tractor so cattle
are used for the plowing. In my whole time on the farm I never saw the tractor
used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Techniques<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vegetative
propagation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vegetative propagation is a technique
commonly used on the ORTC farm. I experienced this in two separate occasions:
one with Stevia and one with Basmati Flavored Leaf. When propagating the Stevia
we used ‘cuttings’ by slicing off the main portion of the parent plant and then
dividing the leafy portions of the plant into smaller 4-inch segments that can
then be planted, and new roots and leaves will grow. This does not require any
roots, just a clean, angled cut of the woody segment of the plant that can be
planted in bags (a mixture of 15% sand, 15% compost, and 70% soil) immediately
following the cut. By making a clean, sharp, angled cut the plant can absorb as
much nutrients as possible so that the roots can quickly develop. Damdul (2012)
informed me that his purpose in doing this is to plant two acres of stevia. On
the experimental medicinal plot there are about 20 stevia plants and from these
I propagated about 70 new plants. This process will have to be repeated several
times to get the quantity needed for two acres. Currently, the ORTC does not
export their products to the US but by just selling the product in India they
make 150 rupees per kilogram. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In propagating the Basmati Flavored Leaf
a cutting of the root must be included. If the root is transplanted then the
plant will have a 90% chance of survival. Much like the Stevia I planted it
into the bags containing 15% sand, 15% compost, and 70% soil and watered them
sufficiently. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Stevia took root after about 10 days
and new growth could be seen. I estimate that about 70% survived. As for the
Basmati Flavored Leaf, I was not there long enough to see if it took root.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liquid
manure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liquid manure is a way to supply
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements that provide nutrients for plant
development. It is a way to inject the soil with a simple and beneficial
bio-dynamic source of food. On the ORTC we made ‘Jeeva Amruth” liquid manure.
The ingredients consisted of 3 kg cow dung, 3 liters cow urine, 2 kg pulse crop
powder, 1 kg jiggery, and 200 liters water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaggery, or molasses, is one of the most
important ingredients for making liquid manure. It attracts and feeds microorganisms,
which will digest the contents to improve the solution. For nearly any kind of
liquid manure or compost it is important that it is alive (Damdul 2012). In the
liquid manure there should be a white fungus growing and you can
almost see the solution moving back and forth with microbial life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">After mashing the jaggery and blending it
with water, it is then blended with some ground pulses with some water. Once
these steps are both completed you can begin adding the cow urine and cow dung
to a large container. I expected to use a shovel or bucket to get the cow dung
but Damdul taught me that hands work better, and as far as getting the urine,
all you do is stick a water bottle in a bucket of urine until it is full and
then repeat. I hear that cow urine and dung is pretty clean but I never thought
I would be picking it up with my bare hands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> After
everything is added to the container (the dung, urine, pulses, and jaggery) we
filled the rest up with water. I stirred it every couple of days to homogenize
the solution. After only a day or two the healthy fungus began to grow and
continued to grow exponentially for about a week. After a couple weeks we used
the solution to feed some black pepper cuttings that were to be purchased in
only a week.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesticides<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">“A pesticide is any substance used to kill,
repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to
be pests (http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/pesticides/index.cfm)”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. On the ORTC farm natural pesticides are
made out of custard apple leaf, lantana, bougainvillea, neem, and cow urine. All
of the ingredients are found on the farm or along the roads of Bylakuppe. The
process begins by collecting 1 kg of each of the leafy ingredients and chopping
them into tiny pieces. We did this by placing a four inches by four inches piece
of wood on a tarp, gathering each plant separately, placing it on the 4x4 and
using a sickle to make the leaves into quarter size pieces. After we had
chopped each of the different plants, we added it to a large barrel and added
about 6 gallons of cow urine. After a few days the concoction would be ready to
spray on the plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Composting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Composting is
a way to make organic waste material into a concentrated, generally improved
product that can give nutrient balance to the soil (EPA 2012). On the ORTC they
demonstrate four different types of compost. The first is Zero Cost Vermi Compost,
which can be used by those who do not have the funds to build a pit with walls.
This type of composting is done by digging a 4-inch pit in the ground and then
adding the composting materials. Second, Low Cost Vermi Compost is done by
stacking a couple layers of brick, creating a 6- to 8-inch deep composting
area. Third, Cadappa Vermi Compost is done by creating a cement structure
creating a 1-½ feet deep area for composting. Lastly, Structure Vermi
composting is made by using cement and brick to form an approximately 2-3 foot wide
and deep composting area. The point of displaying these different types of
composting is to show organic farmers that no matter how rich or poor you are
composting is always possible. Each of the different types of composting takes
varying amounts of time (the deeper the compost, the longer the amount of time)
but if you continue to feed and care for the compost you can have a constant
supply. The ORTC tends to use the Cadappa Vermi Compost because it creates a
large enough supply for the fields and is a little quicker than the Structure
Vermi Compost in producing a high quality product. Damdul once explained that
they make the compost out of 4-inch layer of dry goods, 2-inch layer of greens,
and then pour slurry over this mixture, and finally repeat the layer. After
years of testing this is what has worked best.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Each of the
farmers I interviewed emphasized the importance of compost for both organic and
non-organic farms. It helps replace the nutrients and minerals in the soil
(Renzin 2012). In Tibet compost is also very important for small family farms
and community farms but the large difference is that instead of using cow dung
they use human dung. Farmers in Tibet tend to use human dung, ashes of cow
dung, and fine silt from floodwaters to fertilize the soil. Phurbu (2012) says
that he purchases warming compost from the Mysore zoo and Lhakpa makes his own
by using cattle dung but whatever the case homemade or bought compost it is
very important to the Bylakuppe farmers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Originally
farming in Tibet was minimal and very difficult but now that these Tibetans
have left their home to seek religious freedom they have come to adjust to the
vastly different environment of Bylakuppe, India. The Tibetan refugees came to
Bylakuppe in 1961 and began farming immediately. They set up watering systems,
animal husbandry, electric/gas systems, and learned to farm using only their
hands. They have learned and developed techniques including vegetative
propagation, the making of liquid manures, compost and pesticides. The ORTC has
taken the Dalai Llama’s imperative into action and is continually striving to
share their specific organic techniques, but economic realities often
discourage farmers from participating in organic farming. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Works Cited<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Central Tibetan Administration.
Department of Home: Central Tibetan Administration. “Agriculture: Tibetan
Organic Farming.” 2012. Web. 10 January 2012.
http://ctrc.tibet.net/agriculture.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">CGIAR. </span><a href="http://www.cgiar.org/newsroom/releases/news.asp?idnews=532"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">"Newsroom: News Releases"</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">. CGIAR. Retrieved 13 August 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Damdul, Tenzin. Personal Interview.
20 June 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Federation of Tibetan
Co-Operatives. <i>Untitled Document</i>. 2009.
<http://www.ftci.co.in/consolidated-information-on-15-member-coop-socities.htm>.
Accessed 20 February 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Federation of Tibetan Co-Operatives
Ltd. Tibetan Organic. 2009.
<http://www.ftci.co.in/F41923/tibetan_organic.html>. Accessed 20 February
2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Himalayan Institiute. “Bylakuppe
Settlement.” 2011. <http://www.himalayaninstitute.org/humanitarian/tibetan-settlements/bylakuppe-settlement/>.
Accessed 19 February 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lhakpa, Dhondup. Personal Interview. 28
June 2012. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mayhew, Bradley, Robert Kelly, and
John Vincent. Bellezza. <i>Tibet.</i> Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet, 2008.
Print. P. 46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">McKown, Colleen. “Mundgod's Tibetan
Farmers on Organic Methods and the Monsoon Pattern”. The Tibet Post
International. 29 Sept 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">McKown, Colleen. “CST Pricipal and
Students on Changing Times, Tibetan Identity”. The Tibet Post International. 26
September 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nicholls,
Stu. Central Tibetan Admistration: Department of Home “A Brief Story of Lugsung
Samdupling, Bylakuppe, Karnataka State.” 2011. <http://ctrc.tibet.net/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">settlements/india/south/lugsam.html>.
Accessed 20 February 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://tdlsociety.com/tractor_Section.aspx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Phurbu, Tsering. Personal Interview. 26
July 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Renzin, Dorjee. Personal Interview. 26 July
2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tseten, Dolker. Personal Interview. 26 July
2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Shen, Zonghan. <i>Agricultural Resources of
China.</i> Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1951. Print. P. 139-140<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Shen, Zonglian, and Shêng-chi Liu. <i>Tibet
and the Tibetans,</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1953. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tenzin, Gyalpo. Personal Interview. 13 July
2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">U.S.
Environmental Protective Agency (EPA). “Composting”. EPA Waste. 31 July 2012.
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm. Accessed 13
September 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">United
States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. India: Information on
Tibetan refugees and settlements, 30 May 2003, IND03002.ZNY. <
http://www.unhcr.org/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">refworld/docid/3f51f90821.html>.
Accessed 24 February 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-50237025292692054022012-08-01T01:58:00.003-11:002012-08-01T02:04:20.375-11:00Until We Meet Again!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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It is kind of a bitter, sweet ending (more bitter than sweet). I have come to love this place more than I could have ever expected. When Beau and I first began planning this trip to India I was excited. I never dreamed I would actually get the chance to go to India. Things quickly changed when we moved to Utah and furthered our plans. I began to be scared out of my wits because I had never been away from my family and friends and being even further than I already was made me a little more than nervous. After three months of being here I realize that I had no reason to be afraid. This has been the BEST experience of my life so far and it is even better since I was able share it with my best friend. I owe Beau a huge thank you for dragging me across the world to the most peaceful, friendly place I have ever experienced, "little Tibet," Bylakuppe.<br />
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As a closing I would like to share a few of my favorite experiences and realizations as I have been here.<br />
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FARM<br />
One of the greatest learning experiences I have ever had has been working on the Organic Research and Training Centre farm. I have not only learned to make liquid manure, natural pesticides, vegetative propagation, pull weeds for hours on end, tie up bitter gourd, harvest basal, prepare Brahmin for sale, care for a nursery, and make compost but I have seen the large spiritual aspect that goes into farming. As I went to the monastery with the farmers I began to see the close connection they have with the soil. As I interviewed farmers on the ORTC farm and other organic farmers they told me of the great personal satisfaction they have when they can farm their own foods. It is particularly important to them to feed their families healthy, nutritional, organic crops so that they can maintain their health and preserve the health of the soil. For most farmers here only a small income is made off their crops. The major point of having a farm is to provide for your own family. Having an organic farm brings purpose to the individuals I interviewed because it allows you to be self-dependent. To the organic farmers it is important to teach their children the same farming techniques so that they can, in the future, have their own farms to feed their family. <br />
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MEN-TSEE-KHANG<br />
This was an experience very dear to my heart. It has inspired me to certainly learn more and maybe even return one day to become a Tibetan doctor. Most of my time I spent reading my Tibetan medicine book and asking questions. I observed patients receive their pulse readings, urinalysis, and cupping. I even experienced cupping and pulse reading myself. After a painful back ache from being on the farm and treating it with cupping I can now say that cupping works. After about 24 hours the pain was completely gone. I have also been taking Tibetan medicine to help with my digestion, circulation, and restless legs and I can't help but notice it helping. I have been much more alert during the day and my sleep seems to be better than it has been since I have been here. <br />
Tibetan medicine and Eastern medicine in general uses some of the best logic I have ever seen -- Solve the problem, don't just cover it up. Using plants and herbs in the natural environment makes more sense than using man-made drugs, at least in my mind. Tibetan medicine looks at your physical health, behavior, and diet. It is common for a Tibetan doctor to tell you to stay away from breads, potato, or anything cold. It is important to look all possible imbalances in a person's life even if it means prescribing the patient to relax more often. As I have been in the clinic I have seen the doctor prescribe medication and give diet restrictions to help balance the hot and cold parts within the body. Allopathic doctors very rarely look at a person's diet unless they are obese. I hope that as I work towards becoming a doctor that I will be conscience of my patients' complete needs and look at all aspects of the problem. I also admire Tibetan doctors for the time they are willing to spend with their patients. For the doctors it is important to provide care because of the satisfaction it brings to the patient and the doctor themselves. Unlike most allopathic doctors they are not concerned about the money more than they are the patient.<br />
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THE SNAKE<br />
Yesterday, as a going away experience my body decided to get a cold. I had been at the Men-Tsee-Khang most of the day before I decided I had to go home and get some sleep for my body to heal. The moment we reached home I took out my hair-tie, took off my glasses, and lied down. Beau lied down next to me. After only a few minutes Beau says calmly, "Oh, a snake". I immediately fumbled for my glasses while my heart was racing. I looked around unable to spot it when Beau pointed to the sealing. There lay a big, old, fatty snake. We're guessing it was between 6 and 7 feet long. I didn't know how to react. I don't like snakes but it was far enough that I was completely fascinated. As it moved back and forth my insides seemed to turn. We looked at it for a bit before Beau ran to get Namgyal. We spent the next hour or so poking and prying at it to scare it away. We had one person in our room, one outside, and one the main house roof to try to spot its escape. At one point it curled up because it was so angry. It took nearly cutting it in half before the snake finally left. Or at least we think it left.....we never saw it exit.<br />
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THE PEOPLE<br />
Tibetans are some of the kindest people I have ever met. When I interviewed individuals I never failed in getting a long enough interview. People love to tell their stories and I absolutely loved hearing them. I was always nervous about finding the right gatekeepers but that seemed to be the easiest part. Damdul was more than happy to have me help on the farm and teach me a few farming techniques and Dr. Pasang was very gracious at having me observe the lady doctor and him. Everyone was so welcoming. They took me under their wings and answered every question I ever asked and more.<br />
Through simply walking down the street and catching rides I was able to meet some of the friendliest people. I have never met so many different people in such a short amount time. The older people are so sweet. They always have a huge smile on their face. I have learned that "Tashi Delek" can go a long ways. My next goal is to learn some more Tibetan before I come back!<br />
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As I said before, I have truly loved my time here and I sincerely hope this is a "See you later" rather than a "Goodbye."<br />
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Tashi Delek, homies! </div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-88506160646886856952012-07-21T04:42:00.000-11:002012-07-25T05:23:47.508-11:00Tibetan Medicine<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Do you want a boy, girl, or neither? Well, for 40 rupees I can tell ya... okay, maybe I can't but the Tibetan doctor can. I have recharged my enthusiasm with observing at the Men-Tsee-Khang, the Tibetan Medicine Clinic. A couple weeks ago I started volunteering there so I could better understand how medicine is administered, how doctors interact with patients, how to receive care, and how much it costs. As I have read my book, asked and observed I have become more and more interested. I have researched online that Tibetan medicine is very beneficial for chronic diseases, particularly arthritis, and the doctors, Rinpoche, and workers on the ORTC farm have confirmed that. Patients at the clinic enthusiastically share their experiences and how it has benefited them. On one particular instance an intern was treating sore muscles by using the cupping method. I wasn't sure exactly how it worked but I quickly learned. The intern started messaging the tense portion of the sore muscle and then dampened it with water. Following this the intern lighted a quarter size sheet of paper on fire and after it was burned sufficiently it was thrown into a copper cup. <br />
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Next, the intern firmly pressed it against the patients back until the cup suctioned and allowed it to sit there for ten to fifteen minutes. This is said to loosen the muscles and relieve the pain. This procedure is very common especially among the elderly and middle aged Tibetans.
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In the time that I have been there I have been able to learn a lot about medicinal plants. One day I was able to sit down with an intern and ask what plants are commonly used. I was able to hear stories about how they are collected, which parts are commonly used and which ones are more costly. I found out that the students in Dharamsala visit Manali every August to pick medicinal plants in the area. They pitch their tents up in the Himalayas and spend 20 days searching for the plants. This helps the students identify and become more familiar with the medicinal plants. Most medicines used by the Tibetans contain 26 or more medicinal plants. A few of the common plants include wild strawberry, garlic,turmeric, pomegranate, blackberry, Solomon's seal, and safflower. As I have worked on the farm and observed in the clinic I have become more and more of a believer of Tibetan medicine. I have been curious as to whether it would help relieve my restless legs and celiac disease.<br />
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Today (August 21) when I was at the clinic I observed as she worked on the patients and also worked on a few journalings. When she got a break she talked with me and asked why I was so tired. I explained that I worked on the farm the other day and spent all of it tying up bitter gourd. I didn't realize till the end of the day that my back was extremely sore. She asked me if I would like therapy. I was psyched! You bet I wanted to try it out. She showed me what it was even though I had seen it previously (It is the same as cupping as I explained above). When we went back in the room I immediately pulled my shirt right up and let the cupping begin. It felt amazing. The soreness in the area immediately felt relieved and I am sure the benefits will continue.<br />
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As I waited the 15 minutes she just grabbed my wrists and started reading my pulse. I was so excited. She had two questions for me, "How is your sleep?" and "How is your digestion?". I told her they were both bad. I explained my restless legs to her and how it prevents me from sleeping very well and how the gluten in bread and noodles makes me very tired because I don't digest it well. I believe in Tibetan doctors!!!!! I now have a couple different medicines I am going to try. We will see if they work. I trust they will. One of the other pills I also got is something called a precious pill. Rinpoche told us a little bit about them but I never thought I would be using one. The one the lady doctor prescribed is to help with adjusting to the food and climate involved with traveling we will be doing in a couple of weeks. In order to take the pill and have it actually work requires a good diet including refraining from meat, fruits, fresh vegetables, eggs, etc.. Also you should restrain from strenuous exercise, lack of sleep, sexual intercourse etc... To prepare the pill you must heat water before bed and crush the pill into the water and cover overnight away from the light.
In the early morning when the sun rises all the liquid must be drunk. Normally, the precious pill should be taken on an auspicious day like a full moon or new moon. The doctor instructed me to take it 10 to 15 days before our trip and every 10 days after that. I hope it works so that I don't have to deal with the problems that come with traveling. <br />
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Now lets go back a week to the 14th through the 18th when our group went on our mid-semester retreat to Hampi. It was the most beautiful and historic place I have ever seen. Most of the architecture came from the 13th, 14th and 15th century. It was off season so most of the ruins were nearly empty except for a few bats and us. Many of the temples were also still functioning so sometimes we would see people chanting or praying at the temple.<br />
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One our first day we were worn out and tired from our full night's journey but the day was young (11 am) so we went to the office of our water park, yurt, private resort. The man in the office suggested that we first visit the places on the side of the river we were already on (across the river, on the Anegondi side) and then starting the next day we could go to the other side. It was certainly a good suggestion. The first day we visited 6 sites alone. The first was by far my favorite and most shocking. It was a white, active temple located just off the river. You could see clothes drying in the temple and incense burning. I never imagined walking all over an ancient temple without any restrictions. <br />
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My favorite quote of the day came from this very place. We were all standing on a rock looking over the short white brick fence when a monkey (the first monkey we had seen) hopped up on it and started darting towards us. Beau yelled, "MONKEYS ARE MEAN!!!". I whipped out my camera and said, "Let me get a picture!!!". Barnes and Landrum followed Beau and beckoned me to come. Well, the story ends, I got my picture!!!!<br />
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The excitement only continued from there. We ended up seeing dozens of ancient sites all over Hampi and we didn't even see them all in our 5 days there. Check it out!!!<br />
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<br /></div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-39482454221876809022012-07-03T22:54:00.000-11:002012-07-04T05:09:32.263-11:00Serendipity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Serendipity, do you know that movie?! If you like John Cusack then it is definitely one to see. Surprisingly, my husband introduced me to the movie and I fell in love with it. It might be kinda cheesy and slightly unrealistic but after today I don't know if I believe it to be so unrealistic. As the movies starts out John Cusack meets a women whom he is more than attracted to. She is also attracted to him but as she gives him her number it flies off into the wind. She decides that it is not the right time for them to be together (I promise I will relate this to my story soon...)
Last week I went to the Men-Tsee-Khang (Tibetan Medicine Clinic) to see if I could get permission to observe the doctors. It took me much too long to make this approach but I wanted to finish a couple of books before I even asked. Guess what?! I haven't finished them so I decided I should just go. I had previously talked to a doctor at the Karuna Home that was from the clinic and she had specifically directed me to Dr. Pasang. To my dismay Dr. Pasang's door was closed so they told me to go to door #3. It was the same lady I had spoken to at the Karuna Home. She explained that Dr. Pasang, the senior doctor, will be out for a week and I can only speak to him about doing the observations.
As I have participated and observed in the community I continue to see how important seeking approval from the most senior in age or profession is to being respectful. No one wants to step on each other's toes. Everyone has a job and they don't go beyond their boundaries - they are not afraid to say, "I can't help you but I will find out who can." Well, as of today it had been a week so I decided to go back. As I approached the clinic again I walked up and saw patients lined up to see the doctors, to receive their meds, and to pay the bill. I knew it wasn't the right time because it was too busy so I just asked one of the medicine dispensing ladies when a better time would be. She exclaimed that she did not know but that I could call his cell and she jotted it down for me. I was so happy. Getting numbers around here is quite difficult. Most places don't have work phones and, if they do, it is difficult to find it because it's not online. Phonebooks are not very popular here and if there is a number in it it's not always accurate.Everyone has a cell phone and numbers are constantly changing. It almost always works out that you have to know somebody who knows somebody and then you might get the right number. So, as you can imagine I was thrilled to get his cell number.
After I left the clinic I decided it was best if I just go home to work on school work. As I sat in the rickshaw I thought about how I might ask if I can observe, the doctor's possible response, and a patient's response to having a white person in the room. Just about half way home I experienced my "serendipity" moment. The number wiggled itself right out from between my book and my stomach and launched itself through the wind into oblivion. Okay,maybe it wasn't that epic but I had no idea where it went. It actually took me a second to even process what had just happened. To my chagrin I paid for a 40 rupee rickshaw ride just to walk half the ride back to find the paper. I searched and searched but the wind was strong and I figured there was no way I was going to find it after an hour of looking. I had a small thought in me say that it just isn't the plan for me....but what else would I do. I decided to just laugh it off, tell Beau my epic movie quality adventure, and ask him to go ask for the number again since the SOS school is right next door. I hope the number doesn't get lost this time.
I am anxious to get the number and finally get in contact with the Men-Tsee-Khang.<br />
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Sometimes I feel like I am falling behind in my project but then I realize that part of working at the Organic Research and Training Center contributes to the Tibetan Medicine part of my project. On the farm is an experimental herbs and medicinal plants section. For my Cultural History of Medicinal Plants class I have to find out about 20 medicinal plants in the community. I think the farm contains about 10 to 15, a few of these include: Brahmin, Ginseng, Stevia, Insulin, Turmeric, Lemongrass, Bitter Leaf, Vanilla, Ginger and Hibiscus. I have had the chance to take many pictures of these plants which will be very beneficial for my project.
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Currently, on the farm it has been time to take up sewing. This season the monsoons have come very late. Normally it begins the end of May or June but it is already July and the rain is just enough to begin sustaining the crops. Most of the farmers and laborers have been out in the horticulture fields which I was able to see for the first time a couple weeks ago. They just planted 300 silver oaks, dry paddy, basil (this is very important to the Indians), lemongrass, and millet. I have not been out in the large fields working but mostly in the nursery.
Last week I was able to propagate Basmati flavored leaf. It is a plant that you can add to your rice to give it the flavor of Basmati rice. I must say it works pretty well. The day I did the propagation was quite interesting. I arrived to the farm but Damdul was not there. Dolma, the accountant, helped me by giving him a call so that I could figure out something to do for the day. She told me I was to make seedlings of the Basmati Leaf. I didn't know how to do it. I knew what the plant looked like but I had no idea if I was supposed to uproot a whole plant, pull off parts of it and even then I didn't know what parts. I told Dolma I wasn't sure how so she went out there with me to show me. It only took her a second of looking at the plant before she was mind boggled too. She called up Sangay to ask him how to do it. From what she understood you just pull off a leaf from as far down as you can and plant halfway down in the bags. It seemed odd but I started as she had instructed. It was had only been 10 minutes when one of the farmers headed towards me to laugh at what we had been doing and show us the correct way. I couldn't help but laugh too. When making seedlings of the Basmati Leaf there must be a root. It is like chives, if the root is there then it will grow but if it is not it will probably die. Sometimes I feel like I lack the knowledge to carry out these "common" processes but that is okay. I never have been trained to do these things but the learning is simple. I really enjoy being taught in such a real way. I don't have to sit in a classroom and read books all the time. I am really there and get to experience and learn hands on.<br />
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I am told that practically everyone experiences some kind of culture shock while in the field. When I read about it and tried to understand it I thought it was associated with some kind of frustration or anger. After being in field for almost two months I have realized that it is not always like that, at least not for me. I have felt more of a missing feeling. I miss hot water, bathtubs,painting and cooking. Over the years I have connected relaxation with sitting in a hot bathtub, with painting, and with cooking. When I need to relax my body I bathe, when I need to rest my mind I paint or when I am just frustrated with myself I cook for my husband. I realize now that culture shock doesn't have to be anything big it is just understanding it and finding ways to cope. I have done this by watching an American movie here and there. At home it isn't uncommon for Beau and I to watch a Hindi movie instead but here I feel the need for American movies because it is how I relax and cope with being here. The biggest culture shock experience has been dealing with eating gluten. If you don't already know I have a gluten sensitivity. I thought I would have difficulty dealing with it so I just decided I would eat it. Well, it is taking it's toll. I have had a very difficult time digesting and so I like to sleep for 9 to 10 hours a night at least. I love gluten so it is difficult to choose not to eat it. This has been a physical wear on my body that I had not planned on effecting my consciousness. The food is so good though! I have come to realize through this experience that culture shock is certainly not always effected by your emotions or attachments, sometimes, it is a literal shock to your body like with my gluten sensitivity. Culture shock is a term that can be taken so broadly. Some individuals will experience it as frustration but in my experience it just gives me excitement to hop in a hot bath when I get home.</div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-78712780222841853452012-06-15T19:10:00.000-11:002012-06-18T23:33:24.936-11:00Work on the Farm<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I wake up and I am exhausted, my arm has an awkward cramp, my legs feel like they weigh 200 pounds and my back seems to resist bending over. This is a pretty regular occurrence in my life now. I am use to running, standing for 8 hours at work, and lifting 50 pound boxes but not squatting for 6 hours pulling weeds. When picking weeds there are only so many positions you can stand or sit in when the ground is wet.<br />
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One, the Indian squat:<br />
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Two, the kid technique. "It's just dirt. Deal with it! Sit in it!"<br />
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Three, the American technique -- Stand, bend over, and ruin your back. Smart, right?!!!<br />
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Well, I have yet to learn which one I prefer because they all start to hurt after a couple of hours. Don't get me wrong I am not forced whatsoever to pull weeds all day with no breaks but I want to get it over with so I keep chugging along. I know this usually results in starting to pull weeds in another field but I don't mind. I do it because I am excited for the other things I learn and if pulling weeds has to come with learning to make natural pesticides and liquid manure it is all worth it!<br />
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Everyday I am learning so much. My favorite experience from last week was making the liquid manure. Damdul is such a great teacher. He briefly explains how to make the solution and then leaves me to be. Beau was there to help me with this project and Damdul helped us a lot with making the first batch.<br />
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Beau and I began by smashing some jaggery (molasses) with a rock. I felt like a cave man....or woman.....<br />
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Jaggery is one of the most important ingredients for making liquid manure. It attracts and feeds microorganisms which will digest and work its magic to better the solution. For nearly any kind of liquid manure or compost it is important that it is alive. In the liquid manure there should be a white fungus growing and you can almost see the solution moving back and forth. In a compost there should be ants, worms, and centipedes squirming with every handful.<br />
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After mashing the jaggery and blending it with water then you blend some ground wheat with some water. Once these steps are both completed you can begin adding the cow urine and cow dung. How do you do that? Just like you do everything else, just stick your hands in it and weigh it out. I expected to use a shovel or bucket to get the cow dung but Damdul taught me that hands work better and as far as getting the urine, all you do is stick a water bottle in a bucket of urine until it is full and then repeat.<br />
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I don't think I can be grossed out by anything anymore except, maybe, eating fish.<br />
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I think that just about finishes up the process.... just through it all in the bucket, add water and mix.<br />
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These experiences are ones that I never expected having. I never thought I would be living in a jungle, in India, in a Tibetan community, farming. I constantly think, "I wish I didn't have to write all the papers required for the class I am taking. The classes don't help me with my major. I am an Exercise Science major not a Plant and Wildlife Science major." But in the end I realize that despite all the papers and extra work I will be able to look more legit when I apply for med school and say I went to a Tibetan community in India to help at an organic farm that works to train other farmers in the area. Also I will be able to tell my children about my experiences here. Every day I think about all my family and friends I want to come here and experience the different cultural beliefs and customs.<br />
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Last week, I think it was Thursday, I got to go do freakin' offerings at the monastery!!! OH, it was so EXCITING!!!! I looked like trash. I was gross from working on the farm pulling weeds for a couple of hours but how can you deny the opportunity. The Guys at the farm were going to the monastery in camp #5 so at lunch time Damdul asked if I would like to come. My heart was shouting "YES!!!". I sat in the kitchen as everyone got dressed in their nicest clothing and overcame my feelings of not being dressed nice enough. When everyone was ready we drove the TATA to the monastery. It is such a nice car. It had red and black immaculate leather covering the seats and despite how dirty the farm is there was not a spot of dirt inside the car. All the way there the Guys talked, laughed, and sang. I saw them in a different light than on the farm.<br />
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When we got there they paid their offerings to the monastery and Damdul bought us each a kata. Instantly, the rain started to fall. It is what we all had been waiting for. Sangi (Spelling?), one of the Guys, and I stood there and talked for a bit before we got up the nerve to take off our shoes, walk into the rain, and escape into the monastery. When we got inside we did 3 prostrations. I was lucky I learned how to do this from Rinpoche at the Karuna Home. Afterwards, I followed the Guys to His Holiness alter where we each placed the kata, touched our head to the alter and said our prayer, and then proceeded to the Buddha's alter. At the alter we each placed a monetary offering and touch our head to the alter and then proceeded by saying our prayers silently.<br />
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After exiting the monastery we circled the temple clockwise, took a few pictures and on the way our a monk offered each of us a spoonful of whitish stuff.... not knowing exactly what it was I did just as everyone else did. I took the spoonful in my hand and drank it. Yep, it was fermented!!! It took some time before it clicked that it was probably wine. I guess that is what comes with the experience. I am ecstatic that I got to be a part of this experience. I don't think many people have the opportunity to worship as other do but now I can say I have and I would do it again in a second. I realize more and more how we are all alike. Whether you are from India, America, or Mexico everyone has their way to ask for blessings and for the Buddhists this is one way.<br />
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I am grateful for the Guys at the farm for showing me how to make an offering. They are wonderful people. I felt that by inviting me to make these offerings I was one of them. I am grateful for the family we are staying with. They are always finding ways to help us out, particularly Namgyal. He has tons of connections and uses them to help us. We love to sit outside and hear his stories about the military and experiences he has had. His mother, Ama, is a wonderful lady. She constantly is saying her prayers, spinning her prayer wheel and counting her prayer beads. She makes Beau and I feel included in the family with her sweet smile. Namgyal's brother is great too. We love to being included in the family by watching TV and eating dinner with them, hearing family stories, hearing about Tibetan traditions and history. There isn't anyone I rather live with.<br />
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Pics from our couple hour outing on Saturday:<br />
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Beau and I pedal boating</div>
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Beau and I on an Elephant (you wouldn't know it from the picture)</div>
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The two Elephants at the park</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Britany</span> and Britney on the pedal boat</div>
</div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-37415278505279451182012-06-05T02:40:00.001-11:002012-06-08T01:50:45.129-11:00TOILET PAPER!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Oh how I love toilet paper! It can be used as packaging material, cleaning your glasses, wiping your nose, removing make-up, making toilet seat covers. making wedding dresses and most importantly wiping your bottom.<br />
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Naturally, I forgot the most important hygiene material on the planet. Don't get me wrong, I love wiping with my hand but there are some problems that follow. First, your hand is wet and you feel like it is the most unsanitary thing on the planet right after you wipe your bottom after defecating and then you have to open the door to wash your hands....Yuck! Second, in many cases the water spout is on the right side of the squatter toilet and you have to use your left hand to wipe and in order to do so you have reach all the way around your body to get to the spout just to loose all the water as you steer it towards your bottom and, in some cases, you hit the handful of water right into our undies which leads to my least favorite thing about wiping, getting wet. How I hate having to squat on the toilet waiting for your bottom to dry and realizing it is nearly impossible so you pull on your pants just to realize that it is going to take a lifetime for it to dry through two layers of clothing. When I was talking to Beau I came to the realization that boys and girls have very different anatomy making it more difficult for girls than for boys. So, due to my passion of hating being wet I bought toilet paper.<br />
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I might consider my squattet-toilet-wet obsession the larger extent of my culture shock. I am adapting to the Indian head nod that many of the Tibetans use also. Here is a video that can certainly show it better than I can explain it.<br />
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I think it is really interesting. I didn't understand it too much when I arrived in India but the more I have interacted with individuals through interacting with rickshaw drivers, bus drivers, tailors, and friends I am beginning to understand the variety of things it can mean, including: yes, no, okay, and I am listening.<br />
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Now for the exciting stuff.....<br />
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We are officially in the camps now. Our PAP's came on last Monday and we registered with the police on Tuesday and moved into the camps. I called Damdul, the manager of the Organic Research and Training Center (ORTC), and he asked me to start on Thursday. I have now worked 3 full days. I expected to work just a few hours a day but it has turned out to me a lot more (usually 7 to 8 hours a day). The first couple of days Beau helped me out to make sure I would be comfortable being on the farm by myself and knowing a little bit about the Tibetans I knew I would feel more than safe. </div>
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The first day Damdul sat us down and talked to us about his plan for me and made sure that it was suitable with my plan for myself. We decided I would volunteer 4-5 days a week and one of those days we would discuss any questions about things I was learning. It has been the perfect plan! Damdul took us around the first day and showed us how to make natural pesticides out of custard apple leaf, lantana, boganvia, neem, and cow urine. The best part was that everything you could find growing on the farm. He helped us cut off what we needed from the bush and then it was our job to chop it all up. I really enjoyed his teaching technique. He would show us how to do it then just leave it up to us. By the end we had a wonderful slurry of natural pesticides.</div>
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The methods of the farm are very economical. Under U.S. law cow dung cannot be directly placed into a compost so they first make a slurry of 10 percent dung and 90 percent water and place it in a cement dome where it can build up methane gas. That gas is directed towards the kitchen where it can be used on the gas stove. Once the dung is sufficiently drained of methane it can be placed in the compost and eventually contribute to growing healthy plants. The plants are later sold and the remains are fed to the cows where the cycle can start again. It's really a brilliant way of cycling a single product, dung. The farm is mostly self-sufficient because it grows plants they can eat, they have a well to draw water, and gas from the dung -- very little things are outsourced at all. </div>
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The next thing we learned on the farm was how to carry out vegetative propagation of sweet leaf (stevia). This is no short process though it is fairly simple. For certain plant species you can cut off the flowering portion from the root and use the mature sections of the plant to reproduce the plant. To do it properly you must cut the stem at a sharp, clean angle to allow it to absorb as much nutrients as possible so it can grow roots and continue plant growth. This project lasted the major part of 3 days and there wasn't even that much stevia and I will be doing some more in a week or so. Damdul informed me that his purpose in doing this is to plant 2 acres worth of stevia. Currently, the ORTC dose not export their products but by just selling it in India they make 150 rupees per kilogram. </div>
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The other day it was my job to fish through all of the black pepper plants in the nursery and discard the dead plants from the live plants (80 percent were alive). So I moved over 1,000 black pepper plants from one spot to the next. By the end of the day I was completely sore and it is not going away. I have been stretching, walking, and having Beau massage but I still feel like a crippled turkey. I am hoping the pain will leave soon because the work on the farm just continues. </div>
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Well, I think that just about does it. I am loving the people here and the experience is wonderful. Someday I plan on coming back because it is such a beautiful place. See for yourself:) </div>
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</div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-29590776745325902402012-05-21T21:01:00.000-11:002012-05-21T21:01:35.363-11:00First week in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I really don't know where to start or what information to
detail. I could never convey all of our experiences or my impressions so
far so I will only hit a few. We arrived to Bangalore on Tuesday
evening. I was tired and worn out from the 30 hour adventure and had yet
to find out amount of time and struggle was yet to come. After waiting
45 minutes to get through immigration because we didn't have an address
of where we were going I began to realize that I really didn't know
where I was going -- I didn't know how to navigate here. I was just
grateful I had my husband to wake me up when it was time to get off the
plane and guide me through immigration, or, rather, deal with customs
with me. Walking out of the airport we spotted a sign that two boys were
holding saying "Kharuna Home". We both knew that was one of our
contacts in Bylakuppe but we also knew that Samson, one of Dave Shuler's
friends, was picking us up. That was the begining of our problems.
Luckily we found Samson and he took us to Krish Homes where we would be
staying that night. Later we found out, to our bewhilderment, that
Kharuna Home had driven all the way from Bylakuppe just to pick us put.
Well, what happened happened and we had no control or knowledge of what
happened until we had already come and gone so the story
continues......Krish Homes was a nice place with a balcony, two beds,
shower, bathroom, and balcony that over looked the hidden street in
Bangalore. It ran up into a grove of mango trees. The neighboring houses
seemed very nice. Most of the houses had balconies, nice rugs, and
clean patios. It is hard to tell much else from just the outside of the
building. We arrived in Bylakuppe very late and found out that we
weren't suppose to stay there. We stayed just the night and ate dinner
there (thukpa). Our living quarters will be very nice. We are in a
building in the back of Namgyal's house. There are 3 rooms (the
bathroom, washroom, and bedroom). Our room has two beds separated by a
nightstand. The beds are wood slated frames with thin blankets and
topped with Tibetan decorated rugs. The rugs or mostly dark blues and
reds. At the foot of the bed is a stand with a very very modern TV. It
is much nicer than I expected and much more westernized than I expected.
The washroom consists of a shower (very cold!) with a metal drain in
the floor and a small wash machine in the corner which is something I
never expected. The bathroom is a squatter with just a nozzle for water
to wipe your butt. Make sure you only use your left hand! I had to learn
how to use them very fast because we forgot toilet paper. It has been a
good experience. When we were at Namgyal's he told us
quite a bit about farming. A knowlege about agriculture here is very
common knowlege which I didn't expect. He explained to us about how maze
has been a very large crop in Bylakuppe but it is not very profitable.
Usually the corn is only grown for cow feed and is not able to be
consumed by the people. It was supprising to find this out because
almost all extra land here is a well plowed farm or coconut tree farms.<br />
On Monday we were able to visit the Organic Research and Training
Center where I was able to talk to Tenzin Damdul. He explained the maze
as a plant that does not give anything back to the earth. Currently they
own 80 acres of organic farms which they use to invite Indians and
other Tibetans to see that vegetables, fruits and herbs can grow well if
they put the time and patients into it. Currently, Mungod has over 1000
acres of organic farming. Damdul explained that although farming is not
a good way to make a sustainable income they are doing much better
because they are growing 6 herbs that are sold for medicines. He clearly
explained that once I obtain the PAP I will certainly be able to work
on the farm. It is the perfect season right now because everyone is
starting to plant.<br />
As far as my class on Tibetan Medicine I
have not been able to learn much yet. I have a few books I want to read
which I have to wait for them to get here and then I can begin to ask
questions. A Tibetan nurse came to Kharuna Home last week and told me of
a Tibetan doctor's office that I might be able to learn at.<br />
Not having the PAP has made things frustrating. We have been able to
build rapport in the Kharuna Home but it does not extent out of that
besides with Damdul. I pray that it will come soon so that I can move on
with my project.<br />
My adventures here have been very small in
comparison to what I will experience but one thing I learned on the
very first day was that Indian standard time is 10 times different not
that it is good or bad but plan on everything being twice as long as
they say. On our bus ride from the airport to Krish Home I was told that
we would be there in 30 min from the time we asked and it ended up
being a good 1 and a half hours later. As Beau's Hindi teacher says
Indian and Mormon standard time just adds up.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Now since posting pictures is kind of sketchy here because
we have to use an internet cafe. I will post pictures of places that we
have gone to in our free time.<br />
<u>The Golden Temple</u> <br />
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<u>Sera Monastery</u><br />
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Mysore<br />
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</div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-25291344844713114702012-04-09T10:40:00.002-11:002012-04-09T10:46:20.593-11:00Getting Ready to Leave<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
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We, my husband and I, began packing for india the other day. Our house is being subleased to a soon to be married couple who will be moving in April 23 and will live there till we get back on August 23. Our house was a disaster so we began packing up clothes in the bedroom, moving our bed into the living room (more room), we moved our couch into the bedroom so we would have a study area with the desk in the same room, and cleaned up the kitchen. We left enough cloths our for the next couple of weeks. We have to be our of our apartment on April 23 so we get to be homeless till the 28th. We need to stay in Provo because I will be working double shifts so here is to sleeping in the back of the truck and showering on campus! No we just need to do our actually packing for india. We are starting to prepare by buying the alternate plug-ins and getting clothes that we can take but after finals week it will have start becoming more and more prepared. We need to get bug repellents, malaria medication, our last Japanese Encephalitis shot, maybe water purification tablets, and train tickets. The website (http://traveltips.usatoday.com/travel-light-india-1062.html) I was reading suggested the following:<br />
<br />
"Things Needed<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>1 pair of closed-toe shoes/sandals </li>
<li>1 pair of light flip-flops </li>
<li>3 shirts and pairs of socks </li>
<li>2 pairs of underwear </li>
<li>2 pairs of trousers/shorts </li>
<li>Paperback books </li>
<li>Pocket digital camera with high-capacity flash disk" </li>
</ul><br />
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I am excited to get everything packed and ready. After our homeless week is over we will be able to stay up in Salt Lake until will leave on May 6th. We are both getting very anxious. Now the next thing we need to figure our is how we are going to travel in india. The indrail pass seems most plausible but we are debating whether we will pay trip by trip or just pay for the unlimited pass.<div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://seriousbudgettravel.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/800px-indian-train-station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://seriousbudgettravel.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/800px-indian-train-station.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #e06666; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><br />
</span></div></div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-81342390975561333122012-04-06T15:36:00.004-11:002012-04-09T10:46:45.867-11:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Wednesday and today are project presentations. My project is very unique in that it does not apply to my major. Previous to coming to BYU and starting my major in Exercise Sciences I attended ASU were I was a Life Science major. I loved it there because it was so general yet specific. My classes ranged from general biology (i. e. plants, animals, fungus) to genetics, to cell biology, to human anatomy. It interconnected all living things -- cells, plants, animals and humans. Now my major is much more specific but considering I have completed all my necessary elective course I choose to do the project I am doing which is connected to agriculture, plants, and farming. My project presentations is as follows:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx7f4ereCBaajaBteqPCYIHl80h67rVbnMXNWAbLwbY9n0lD6bky5HMOMNMVmQcVaqmMH_gF0Pyp4d6VEHl0_xB2MCSkoSOkESWowpAkf04_2yKMoiTyShyovV5DfuArqCSu6BuTIOfUc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2012-04-07+at+12.49.44+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx7f4ereCBaajaBteqPCYIHl80h67rVbnMXNWAbLwbY9n0lD6bky5HMOMNMVmQcVaqmMH_gF0Pyp4d6VEHl0_xB2MCSkoSOkESWowpAkf04_2yKMoiTyShyovV5DfuArqCSu6BuTIOfUc/s320/Screen+Shot+2012-04-07+at+12.49.44+AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>Title: A Survey of the Adaption of the Agricultural Practices in a Tibetan Refugee Community in South India<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1q3A06ME2iiC4Vg7E8z2GhrBNjFiWlQJGxz5zjZENATD0-3mXJ2si0uLmCKwg54xuPRD0BJ3fM_gmDjL6g0hVHObjNxxTm6n8k2u5hPOFDI7AyhDpOvStMRx7kPG9B2HfbcXqml6BNzM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2012-04-07+at+12.50.04+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1q3A06ME2iiC4Vg7E8z2GhrBNjFiWlQJGxz5zjZENATD0-3mXJ2si0uLmCKwg54xuPRD0BJ3fM_gmDjL6g0hVHObjNxxTm6n8k2u5hPOFDI7AyhDpOvStMRx7kPG9B2HfbcXqml6BNzM/s320/Screen+Shot+2012-04-07+at+12.50.04+AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>In 1959 the Tibetan people became so suppressed by the Chinese Government that they choose to flee to india. The Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala which has become a hub for the Tibetan Refugees. The Indian Government has allowed the Tibetan Refugees to settle in over 35 settlements spread across India.<br />
<br />
In 1963 India's Green Revolution began. This introduced high yielding seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Everyone began to take advantage of it because you could produce a large harvest and export the goods for profit. BUT these fertilizers and pesticides destroyed the 'healthy' soil.<br />
<br />
In 2002 the Dalai </div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-29683042033344309922012-04-04T19:01:00.002-11:002012-04-06T19:43:08.593-11:00Japanese EncephalitisToday we got our second to last set of shots, the Japanese Encephalitis shot. It is a $261 (plus another $261) shot that I would say is well worth it! Though many may think is too costly, I know I certainly do, Japanese Encephalitis is something I rather not get while I am in India. <br />
Japanese Encephalitis is a serious infection caused by a virus which is spread by the bite of an infected mosquitoes. <br />
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Bylakuppe is a very humid place, especially during the summer, during the monsoon. It is a rural community where mosquitoes are highly populated. Although it can be avoided to some extent by repellents, long clothing, and staying in screened areas it is hard to avoid for nearly 4 months. <br />
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A person who is infected by Japanese Encephalitis can have no symptoms while others will have raging fever, headache or severe encephalitis (brain infection). Symptoms of encephalitis are fever, neck stiffness, changes in consciousness, or coma. Approximately 1 in 4 people who are infected with encephalitis dies and of those that don't die, half suffer permanent brain damage. The shot is recommended to any travelers to Asia who spend at least a month in areas where Japanese Encephalitis occurs, those who are going to be engaging in outdoor activities or where there have been outbreaks. Considering that I will be working on rural farms in Bylakuppe (Southern India) where Japanese Encephalitis risk is high I found it worth the cost.<br />
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My sister-in-law's father suffered from encephalitis. I don't know much other than he wasn't really there in the head. One day last November he was taking a walk and crossed the street at an undesignated spot. A 20 year old girl hit him and killed him instantly. I don't want to be that crazy person that crossed the street at the wrong spot because I didn't know any better and even more importantly I don't want to cause a 20 year old girl, or anyone for that matter, to have to suffer the image or what happened like with my sister-in-law's father.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-19989059196932616802012-04-02T10:38:00.005-11:002012-04-06T15:36:15.548-11:00ScholarshipsScholarships! Yes, great things, and something I am definitely depending on. Money is certainly tight when it is costing about 13,000 dollars for my husband and I to go to Bylakuppe, India. I have been working long hours when I probably shouldn't be because I have been sick but you do what you gotta do. Last week I found out that I can now qualify for the half tuition scholarship for spring and summer terms. BYU requires a transfer student to attend the school a year before academic scholarships can be received and I finally hit that mark. I was already budgeting the scholarship because I thought I would get it but now it is absolutely in the picture now. <br />
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</div>I started filling out the Field Studies scholarship today and I feel like I am lacking substantial answers to receive funding. For example, how will this experience fit with your major/minor or career goals? I am not exactly sure. I don't know how to apply this to an Exercise Science major. I choose this project because it was interesting and I have fulfilled all my electives previous to this project. I hope that it will be beneficial as being a mother and wife in being able to garden organically and provide various fruits and vegetables that can sustain my family to some extent but that won't be for a while. I am hoping that a 6.35 GPA will help get me a substantial scholarship because who can seriously beat that?!<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUVf4zHwFq-8aR3d8ts4En92sW8wV0WyvfCYN4PJjG6TmJo0y8ecWVAA5nOnI74akbjY9u-66nXLI_ih8_RR3XgotPhZsMXwzywh13pqGnfTahhE8wSZx_Sjd83cve8RpElsfNop5XZEA/s1600/photo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUVf4zHwFq-8aR3d8ts4En92sW8wV0WyvfCYN4PJjG6TmJo0y8ecWVAA5nOnI74akbjY9u-66nXLI_ih8_RR3XgotPhZsMXwzywh13pqGnfTahhE8wSZx_Sjd83cve8RpElsfNop5XZEA/s320/photo.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Ok, maybe I'm not that smart....Beau got home and I was showing him my scholarship application and he caught my 6.35 GPA. I would have never realized it. I am slightly dyslexic especially when it comes to numbers. So, maybe I have a 3.65 GPA and I don't have a great reason to do my project other than to be with my husband but that is okay with me. I am excited to be with the Tibetan people and learn about how they learned to farm in India. I am excited to talk with Tenzin Damdul, the manager of the Organic Research and Training Center, and expereience everything Bylakuppe has to offer.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-30925923642947630062012-04-02T10:38:00.004-11:002012-04-06T14:53:22.060-11:00Tibet's Geography and AgricultureShen, T.H. "Agricultural Resources of China". Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York. 1951. Print<br />
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Shen talks just briefly of the pasture lands of Tibet. He explains them as being rugged, desolate, and barren. Most of the land is wasteland and the rest is meager grazing land. There are very limited agricultural sections. Vegetables can be grown at the bases of the highlands, and barlely and grasses at higher elevations. Food produced there is not sufficent for the populations and depends to some extent on imports through caravan routes. <br />
This kind of information is key in comparing farming in India and the changes and adjustments they have had to make to farm in India. Rain in Tibet is between 300- 600mm while in Bylakuppe it rains approximately 35in just in the summer.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-8332341032410958542012-03-28T21:13:00.000-11:002012-03-28T21:13:22.752-11:00Seeds of DisasterSen, Bandhudas. "The Green Revolution of India". Halsted Press: New York. 1974. Print<br />
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Sen suggests that the purpose of this book is to present a balanced appraisal of the changes produced by high-yielding crop varieties known as the Green Revolution. "What some have chosen to call the seeds of change, others have chosen to call the seeds of disaster." This book goes on to place a balanced view on the achievements and failures of the Green Revolution. This book will be beneficial in understand how the Tibetan refugees originally were caught up in the Green Revolution and then following the Dalai Lamas direct statement of living organically. It will help me to understand why some believed it to be beneficial and others 'disaterous'.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-17904907899906690012012-03-28T21:01:00.000-11:002012-03-28T21:01:57.202-11:00Plant MonographsKriechbaum, Kletter. "Tibetan Medicinal Plants". Medpharm: Boca Raton, Florida. 2001. Print.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7008/6476511055_8800252ae0_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7008/6476511055_8800252ae0_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The author gives a brief history of Tibetan medicine, medicine in exile, diet, plants, and fundamentals of collecting, storing and using the plants. Kriechbaum goes on to give plant monographs of over 50 medicinal plants. This article will be very benificial in finding out the uses of various medicinal plants and Tibetan medicine in excile as it applies to my Cultural History of Medicinal Plants in Bylakuppe, India.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-32568035185640336522012-03-28T20:27:00.002-11:002012-03-28T20:49:40.739-11:00Priciples of Tibetan MedicineBradley Tamdin Sither. "Principles of Tibetan Medicine". Thorsons: Hammersmith,London. 2000. Print<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lotusspace.com/acuman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="http://www.lotusspace.com/acuman.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>This book provides an introduction into Tibetan Medicine starting with the history of Tibetan medicine, the sciences of healing (gso-ba Rig-pa), and the theory of Tibetan medicine. The author then explores causation of illnesses, common diseases and illnesses, methods of diagnosing and then techniques. This book will be very beneficial to my History of Medicinal Plants in Bylakuppe India class because it will briefly cover most of the topics I need to explore for the class. It will prepare me for what I observe in India.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-71353918294391924782012-03-28T04:35:00.000-11:002012-03-28T04:35:26.974-11:00In the FieldClass this last period was very beneficial, or at least I can see where it will be beneficial for preparing for the field. My original worries were whether it would be a good part of farming season, whether the Tibetan refugees would want a woman observing them and if we could find a host family for my husband and I. Now most of those worries are taken away. Prime farming is from May to September, Mr. Damdul has opened the gate to sharing farming information with me when I arrive and we already have arrangements with a host family. I find myself more concerned with dealing with the culture shock of when I first arrive in Bylakuppe. Luckily I have a pretty social husband so that will make it slightly easier but there is still the thoughts of being thousands of miles away from everything I will have known. Another worry for me is finding a translator when and if I find it necessary. Are there going to be very many Tibetan refugee women with the time to translate for me if I need to talk to individuals who don't speak english and how long is this going to delay starting interviews? Lastly, one of my many other concerns is where I will fit into the community? How will they percieve me? In Malcomns case it was his host family just said that is isn't doing anything. I hope that I will not be seen that way and if it is I hope that I can understand the concept of nothingness in the culture. There are many things to worry about (i.e. robbed) particuarly the thing I mentioned above but I also realize there is a time to just recognize possible diffculties and just work through them.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-88884511308542514292012-03-23T13:49:00.005-11:002012-03-28T20:37:42.357-11:00Indian AgricultureRay, Shovan. "Handbook of Agriculture". Oxford Univeristy Press. 2007. New Delhi, India. Print<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.globalenvision.org/files/2695065869_28b8279ba0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://www.globalenvision.org/files/2695065869_28b8279ba0.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>This book overviews economic policies, agriculture and environment, agriculture and poverty reduction, food security and food demand, changing agrarian and rural systems. By reading this book I will be able to better understand Indian influences on Tibetan agriculture and the changes of agriculture in India. It will help me know what to expect as far as climate and farming systems.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-81089201558104374332012-03-23T13:49:00.004-11:002012-03-27T19:36:01.582-11:00My Bylakuppe Gatekeeper!!!!!After contacting the Himalayan Institute on facebook and having them refer me to a guy, Mr. Abella, the manager of Global Humanitarian projects for the Himalayan Institute, and then he referring me to Mr Damdul, manager or the Organic Research and Training Center in Bylakuppe, I finally made my first Tibetan contact. After writing a brief email explaining that my husband and I are going to Bylakuppe for the summer for me to study agriculture and him music I received the most exciting response, if only I had this response earlier. He kindly explained the need for a Protected Area Permit, which I already knew about, and strongly suggested that the information listed should be for religious purposes in order for the Indian Government to pass it easily. More importantly, Mr. Damdul happily shares that they are more than willing to share information they have learned and experienced with organic farming and that maybe they can learn from me as well. I don't know if I will have much to share as I will be able to use my time to volunteer for them and learn from them. I did send a letter back of gratitude and asking a few more questions about volunteering for them bu I have yet to receive a response.<br />
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Having a gatekeeper is comforting. I now know that I will have at least some kind of access to farming information and very important information that is. This organization, the Organic Research and Training Center, is becoming more and more important as I see how much they have helped the community just by teaching the people farming techniques. Once I arrive in Bylakuppe I plan on making contact with Mr. Damdual and going on with my project from there.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-77707843296831416422012-03-21T08:05:00.001-11:002012-03-21T08:06:10.513-11:00Social SituationsWe (my husband and I) have a place to live, I have possible contacts or gatekeepers, possible social situations and only 48 days until I get on a plane and begin building rapport with these gatekeepers and possible actors in these social situations. It hit me in the last class period that although we organized actors, location, and activity into a social situation these are real people, real locations, and real activities that I will have more than just a research attitude for the people and location , as it is now, but I will have real emotional connections and relationships with the place and the people. As time to leave approaches I think of how I will build rapport with the people.<br />
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I realize that most relationships will be built through my host family and my gatekeepers I get in contact with but obviously it will be more than just that. I will come to know and build relationships with people in the community and I hope those relationships will spread. I expect that those relationships will start with my host family and the people I farm with but I don't know where it will go from there. It could be with nuns in the monestary, it could be with people I meet in the markets, in could be with students who I would love to know more about. I am sure that as I play sports with those on the field and ask families about their family tree that I will certainly begin to know individuals in the community and I can't wait to experience that. <br />
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I am excited to get there and buy clothing suitable for the culture -- To wear the married women attire and to know what is customary verse popular, and what is casual verses formal. I am excited to have the people teach me about their culture.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9VwvMYs7D-U8_K-VvHblN9mNgiSqzH5jRE6zKJrt9cO9pFvxMvG6xI8kzzsWFph6SC-vbKWisfbywxZP64kPEYzzIevQVPNFiw5NdPyqFu9YBo0ucatuGren-pYAP9sZG0NXqUTJak0k/s1600/10193U226-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9VwvMYs7D-U8_K-VvHblN9mNgiSqzH5jRE6zKJrt9cO9pFvxMvG6xI8kzzsWFph6SC-vbKWisfbywxZP64kPEYzzIevQVPNFiw5NdPyqFu9YBo0ucatuGren-pYAP9sZG0NXqUTJak0k/s320/10193U226-2.jpg" width="256" /></a></div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-60359952266757209212012-03-21T06:01:00.000-11:002012-03-21T06:01:07.072-11:00Transformations of Tibetan MedicineJanes, Craig R. "The Transformations of Tibetan Medicine". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 1995. 9(1): 6-29<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_fE300AX7fQs/TTKAUruaLMI/AAAAAAAAAAw/z_TSO0u1IGk/s1600/tibetan-medicine-buddha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_fE300AX7fQs/TTKAUruaLMI/AAAAAAAAAAw/z_TSO0u1IGk/s320/tibetan-medicine-buddha.jpg" width="231" /></a></div>This aritcle presents a cultural and historical analysis of 20th century Tibetan medicine. While Tibetan medicine has acceeded instituational modernitity through transformations in theory, pactice and methods for training they have not yielded completly to the Chinese state moderization policies. This article will be very benificial in writing my preliminary report for my Cultural History of Medicinal Plants in Bylakupe paper. I understand that practices and methods do change with time and this paper will be able to outline this for me.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-1079629763553128442012-03-19T11:52:00.002-11:002012-03-19T17:40:27.737-11:00Ethnomedicine in Nepal DistrictsKunwar, Ripu M; Nepal, Bal K; Kshhetri, Hari B; Rai, Sanjeev K; Bussmann, Rainer W. "Ethnomedicine in Himalaya: A Case Study From Dolpa, Humla, Julma and Mustang Districs of Nepal". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2 June 2006. 2:27.<br />
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This paper dicusses the importance of plants as medicine. The practice of traditional medicine has not diminished in recent times for this reason the author documents plant species in Dolpa, Humla, Julma and Mustang. This be benificial to my project to help me understand the Tibetan medical practices and also in understanding tradtional medicine as a part of Tibetan culture for my History of medicinal plants class.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-16405766617683207612012-03-14T08:34:00.003-11:002012-03-14T08:34:31.291-11:00Natural Medicines<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Men-Tsee-Khang. “Herbal Product Research Department”. Men-Tsee-Khang: Tibetan Medical and Astrological Insitute. 2010.</span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The purpose of this paper is to preserve and promote the use of natural medicine. New products are blending modern methods with Tibetan Tradition and natural ingredients. This article can help me in understand modern and traditional medicine for the purpose of my Cultural History of Medicinal Medicines class that I will be taking while in Bylakuppe</span></div>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-89067258637176658502012-03-14T07:29:00.004-11:002012-03-14T08:24:27.322-11:00GatekeepersAs part of my journal today I decided to find some people to contact in Bylakuppe that could help me find an opportunity serve on the farms. Though many of the email address I found were old I did find a few that may be able to help. One of the organizations I emailed was the Himalayan Insitiute. They are based in Pensyvaniya but have helped in several Tibetan communities all over India, particularly Bylakuppe and Rabgayling. One of there projects is to build trees to help return chemically damaged soil to its organic state.<br />
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They have also played a part in helping diversify crops on the plantations. I hope that by contacting them I can find more specific information out about where I can help on these diversified plantations and that they can help me contact individuals that can build my rapport in the community.<br />
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One of the other organiaztions I contacted was the Bylakuppe Settlement office which is connected to the Central Tibetan Relief Commitee. They play a key role in training and demonstrating orgainc farming in over 10 Tibetan Refugee communities. "In each settlement one or two agriculture extensionists organize trainings and assist the farmers to adopt several organic techniques, which include both traditional and modern practices.<br />
<ul><li>Soil fertility is maintained by appropriate crop rotation, green manures, cover crops, application of compost, vermicompost, biofertilizers, and traditional preparations like jeevamruth and panchagav.</li>
<li>Pests and diseases are controlled through the application of home-made leaf extracts, integrated by purchased biopesticides whenever necessary.</li>
<li>Biodynamic methods have been introduced and are increasingly popular among farmers."http://ctrc.tibet.net/agriculture.html</li>
</ul>As I get in contact with these different organizations I can a hoping I can gain access to farms in Bylakuppe and individuals that I may interview. I want to gain rapport with the Tibetan refugees so that I can become involved in farming in Bylakuppe. As I gain more and more contacts I can recieve access to the farms thourgh gatekeepers.Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7079110590251790761.post-59367446339907986192012-03-12T10:38:00.000-11:002012-03-12T10:38:56.353-11:00Pushed to the LimitsFree Tibet. "Pushed to the Limits". Charles Square, London. 1 October 2009. p 1-8.<br />
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This article examines and refutes the claims by the Chinese government That Tibetans have largely benefited from the governments policies and booming Tibetan economy. They refute by saying that although everything is growing economically they are not being the ones benefited. The Tibetans are at an educational disadvantage leaving Han works to complete with them. The Chinese workers take advantage of their education, Chinese language fluency and business culture, to gain the higher wage jobs in the Tibetan economy. This article was very bias.<br />
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<quickprintreadystate style="display: none;"></quickprintreadystate>Lori Hiltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05505713514903772284noreply@blogger.com0